By Luke Sumpter


In the past, both cannabis consumers and scientists attributed the effects of marijuana exclusively to cannabinoids such as THC and CBD. However, recent advances in our understanding of the plant show that terpenes—the aromatic constituents chiefly responsible for the flavours and aromas of cannabis—also influence its physiological effects.

Cannabis produces at least 200 of these pungent molecules, but several stand out for their relative abundance in many strains. While linalool doesn’t occur in particularly high concentrations in most cannabis plans, even small amounts have a notable aromatic presence. Furthermore, when isolated, linalool displays some interesting effects that have piqued the interest of researchers. Continue reading to discover the fascinating properties of the linalool terpene.

Close-up of a cannabis flower covered in trichomes, illustrating the presence of linalool, a terpene responsible for the plant’s distinct aroma.

The Chemistry of Linalool

Chemically, terpenes comprise small building blocks called isoprene units, which are structures containing five carbon atoms, eight hydrogen atoms, and two double bonds. As a monoterpene—featuring just two isoprene units—linalool features a molecular formula of C₁₀H₁₈O, placing it in the structurally smallest class of terpenes and making it highly volatile. The addition of a functional group in the form of an oxygen atom makes linalool a terpenoid—a unique class of terpenes that possess a slightly modified chemical structure.

Interestingly, research suggests that linalool could work similarly to cannabinoids in the body. A paper[1] published in the journal Scientific Reports observed that linalool binds to the CB1 receptor of the endocannabinoid system. As THC and other cannabinoids also bind to this site, it raises the possibility that linalool could synergise with these molecules, contributing to the entourage effect theory.

As mentioned, linalool generally occurs in minor concentrations in most cannabis strains, though certain cultivars contain elevated levels. However, this terpene isn’t exclusive to cannabis, occurring in plants like lavender, basil, coriander, mint, cinnamon, rosewood, citrus fruits, birch trees, lemongrass, and chamomile as well.

Aroma and Flavour of the Linalool Terpene

Despite mostly showing up in small quantities, linalool contributes to the distinct flavours and aromas of many weed varieties. On the nose, you’ll detect floral notes of lavender, bergamot, spice, wood, and citrus. Meanwhile, the terpene's taste is most accurately described as fruity, zesty, and refreshing, with evident notes of lemon and lime, herbs, and lavender.

Effects Associated With Linalool in Cannabis

Linalool could play a unique role in the overall effects experienced when consuming certain strains. The effects of this terpene are generally described as soothing, potentially enhancing the relaxing influence of cannabinoids like THC. Strains high in linalool are usually associated with feelings of relaxation, bliss, and euphoria. Users often report sensations of inner stillness that help them to access states of meditation and deep contemplation.

Accordingly, linalool-rich strains are often recommended for quiet smoking sessions during the evening. They also make a fine choice during camping trips or slow-paced outdoor excursions.

Chart displaying linalool characteristics in cannabis, highlighting its effects, such as relaxation, euphoria, and meditation, along with its soothing aroma profile.

Linalool: A Look at the Research

In the ongoing hunt for novel therapeutics, scientific researchers continue to focus their efforts on terpenes, including linalool, both inside and outside the context of cannabis. Studies have observed the effects of linalool in numerous cell and animal models, and a handful of studies have tested the terpene on humans. However, it’s important to recognise that research on linalool remains early, meaning we can’t draw conclusions from the limited data we have so far. With that in mind, let’s check out what the available science tells us about this refreshing aromatic phytochemical.

  • Antibacterial

Research[2] shows that linalool helps plants to protect themselves from bacterial infection. Left unchecked, certain pathogens gobble up nectar reserves meant to attract pollinators, and impact overall plant fitness. This form of chemical defence has proven effective against slowing bacterial growth in plants, but researchers want to know if it could also inhibit those affecting humans. A 2021 study[3] showed linalool to demonstrate antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas fluorescens, a bacteria known to cause opportunistic infections in people with compromised immune systems. The researchers concluded, “It was suggested that linalool may be a new potential source of food antiseptics in food systems”.

  • Sleep Deprivation

Early research suggests the effects of the linalool terpene could also influence sleep deprivation. Poor sleep might not seem like a big deal, but it can impact everything from hormone balance and immunity to memory. A 2018 study[4] administered the terpene to sleep-deprived mice before subjecting them to various behavioural tests. The researchers found linalool to significantly improve markers associated with memory loss and behavioural alterations linked to sleep deprivation. The researchers concluded that “The mechanisms through which linalool improves memory loss and behavioural alterations in sleep-deprived mice appeared to be through an increase in the serotonin levels”.

  • Stress & Anxiety

Stress and anxiety not only impact quality of life, but they have real physiological implications, from increased blood pressure to digestion issues. While the current treatments for these conditions help some people, they aren’t able to alleviate the suffering of others. Because of this, research teams are looking into the ability of natural compounds to help ease stress and anxiety, including linalool.

A study[5] published in the journal Frontiers in Behavioural Neuroscience tested the effects of inhaled linalool on mice. The researchers found the terpene to influence anxiety behaviours through GABA transmission—the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. The team concluded, “These results provide information about the potential central neuronal mechanisms underlying the odour-induced anxiolytic effects and the foundation for exploring clinical application of linalool odour in anxiety treatments”.

Another study[6] published in the journal Neuroscience Letters administered linalool to rats experiencing restraint stress. They found the terpene to impact both neuropeptide and gene expression in the hypothalamus, a brain region that plays a key role in anxiety disorders.

Three other studies show intriguing results; a 2019 study[7] showed linalool-rich lavender essential oil to increase neurogenesis in mice, a 2018 study[8] showed lavender essential oil to increase social behaviours in mice, and a 2006 study[9] observed the effects of linalool on stress modulation in 24 human volunteers.

  • Depression

Around 5% of the adult population of the world currently suffer from depression, enduring symptoms such as poor concentration, disrupted sleep, low appetite, and hopelessness. A 2022 review of the available literature states that linalool may help to boost key compounds important in the battle against depression, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The authors also found data that suggests the terpene can influence monoaminergic and neuroendocrine systems. The authors concluded that “...linalool emerges as a promising bioactive compound in the therapeutic arsenal, capable of interacting with numerous pathophysiological factors and acting on several targets”.

  • Inflammation

Could linalool’s potential also extend to inflammation, a factor that underpins many different diseases? A 2019 study[10] shows that the terpene could help to reverse elevated COX-2 gene expression, an enzyme expressed following inflammatory stimuli that increases the production of inflammatory biomarkers.

Linalool has also been studied in the context of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Researchers from the University of Antioquia, Colombia administered a dose of 25 mg/kg every 48 hours for three months to a mouse model of the pathology. After examining the data, the team concluded that “...our findings suggest that linalool reverses the histopathological hallmarks of AD and restores cognitive and emotional functions...”.

  • Antioxidant

Oxidative stress plays a central role in the development of many age-related chronic diseases, including cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases. This physiological state occurs when there’s an imbalance between free radical or reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidants that neutralise them. However, consuming antioxidant compounds can help to restore balance and quell excess free radicals. Researchers are now exploring the role of linalool as a dietary antioxidant that could help to reduce free radical levels in the body.

A 2019 study shows that the administration of linalool influenced cardiomyopathy symptoms in mice exposed to Doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic drug that increases ROS production in the mitochondria of cells. Further research also suggests that linalool can protect human skin cells from oxidative stress caused by UVB exposure. A human study published in BMC Neurology looked at the effects of inhaled linalool on oxidative stress in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), concluding that “Inhalation of linalool increases antioxidative activity…”.

  • Microbiome Regulation

The human microbiome contains trillions of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In the gut, these small critters help us to digest food and even bolster our immune system. However, human health can quickly take a hit when the balance of these organisms shifts, leading to a condition known as dysbiosis, which has links to a range of health conditions, including depression and inflammatory disorders.

An animal study showed that the administration of linalool-rich lavender oil managed to maintain gut bacteria balance in broiler chickens. Adding to this, a review published in the journal Molecules found that linalool-containing essential oils could have an antimicrobial effect on pathogenic bacteria in the gut.

Linalool: A Minor Cannabis Terpene With Wide-Ranging Potential

Linalool shows up in small concentrations in most cannabis strains, compared to the likes of caryophyllene, myrcene, pinene, and other abundant terpenes. Despite this, the chemical still adds refreshing flavours and aromas to many cultivars and contributes a relaxing and soothing effect. The fact that linalool also binds to the CB1 receptors of the endocannabinoid system raises major questions about its ability to impact how THC interacts with the body. While the research around this terpene is inconclusive, the available data suggests that linalool is worthy of much more extensive research.

A-Pinene

Anti-inflamatory
Bronchodilator
Aids Memory
Anti-bacterial

Also found in pine needles


A-Pinene

Linalool

Anesthetic
Anti-convulsant
Analgesic
Anti-anxiety

Also found in lavander

Linalool

Beta-Caryophillene

Anti-inflamatory
Analgesic
Protects Cells Lining the Digestive Tract

Also found in black pepper

Beta-Caryophyllene

Myrcene

Contributes to Sedative Effect of Strong Indicas
Sleep Aid
Muscle Relaxant

Also found in hops

Myrcene

Limonene

Treats Acid Reflux
Anti-anxiety
Antidepressant

Also found in citrus

Limonene
 

Cannabis Strains High in Linalool

Are you looking to experience the aromas, flavours, and effects of linalool for yourself? Then try out some of these refreshing strains below!

Do-Si-Dos Auto

Sow your Do-Si-Dos Auto seeds directly into 11 l fabric pots to avoid having to transplant them later on in the growing cycle. Your seedlings will reach a height of around 3 cm by the end of the first week. Apply LST during week three to keep your plants compact and stealthy, and move them outdoors into a sunny position. They’ll peak at around 60 cm by the end of veg.

With training, expect your plants to peak at 80 cm during bloom, or 140 cm without. After a total growing cycle of 9–10 weeks, you’ll harvest up to 150 g of gorgeous purple-green buds. Enjoy the citrusy tastes of linalool alongside a relaxing and soothing high.

Do-Si-Dos Auto
23_genetic background_1 Do-Si-Dos x Cookies Auto
33_Yield indoors_1 350 - 400 gr/m2
31_plant height outdoor_1 80 - 120 cm
25_flowering time_1 7 - 8 weeks
29_THC_1 THC: 20%
28_Type Blend_1 Sativa 35% Indica 60% Ruderalis 5%
34_yield outdoor_1 100 - 150 gr/plant
32_plant height outdoors_1 100 - 140 cm
27_harvest period_1 9 - 10 weeks after sprouting
22_Effect_1 Calming

Buy Do-Si-Dos Auto

Mazar

This indica-dominant hybrid stems from landrace genetics with roots in Afghanistan. Start seeds indoors in early spring, maintaining an average temperature of 25°C to speed up germination. Mazar takes on a stocky and bushy appearance, so defoliate plants well during the vegetative stage to keep the canopy open and aerated. Move plants outdoors to a sunny spot once all risk of frost has passed. They’ll reach a height of around 120 cm by the end of veg.

Mazar produces dense colas that become encased with a thick layer of trichomes and resin towards the end of the flowering period. Feed your plants well and they’ll offer a return of around 500–600 g/plant in October. After drying and curing your buds, you’ll enjoy a THC content of up to 20% alongside fresh and floral flavours, courtesy of linalool.

Sweet ZZ

Sow your Sweet ZZ seeds into cell trays until they reach a height of 3 cm. Then, transplant them into 15–20 l pots and keep them indoors until the end of week three. Move your containers outdoors into a south-facing position and expect them to peak at around 160 cm by the end of veg.

Your plants will stretch up to 200 cm during bloom, depending on the pot size and training techniques used. Make sure you have enough stash jars to hand to harvest up to 550 g/plant in late September. High levels of linalool contribute flavours of citrus and fruit to this progeny of Grape Ape and Grapefruit.

Sweet ZZ
23_genetic background_1 Grape Ape x Grapefruit
33_Yield indoors_1 550 - 600 gr/m2
31_plant height outdoor_1 80 - 140 cm
25_flowering time_1 7 - 9 weeks
29_THC_1 THC: 22%
28_Type Blend_1 Sativa 20% Indica 80%
34_yield outdoor_1 500 - 550 gr/plant
32_plant height outdoors_1 160 - 200 cm
27_harvest period_1 Late September
22_Effect_1 Calming, Stoned

Buy Sweet ZZ

The Original Z

This award-winning variety descends from parent strains Grape Ape, Grapefruit, and an unknown additional cultivar.Indica dominant in nature, The Original Z maintains a compact and bushy stature throughout the entire growing cycle. Plants quickly pack on foliage throughout early veg, making it important to defoliate and train plants early to prevent mould forming during bloom. Once all risk of frost has passed, this strain does well when planted directly in the ground in fertile soil rich in organic matter. You can expect your specimens to peak at around 100–120 cm by the time bloom swings around.

Expect your plants to stretch during early flowering, before they start to produce compact nuggets. As your plants edge closer to maturity, you’ll detect aromas of citrus permeating the air every time you enter your growing space—a hallmark of high linalool levels. Enjoy big yields in October.

Royal Skywalker

Give Royal Skywalker seeds a nudge in the right direction using the paper towel method to speed up germination. Place sprouted seeds into 15–20 l pots and expect your seedlings to grow to a height of around 7–10 cm by the end of week two. Apply generous levels of nitrogen to spur vegetative growth, and your plants will stand at 80–150 cm by the end of veg.

Your Royal Skywalker plants will peak at 200 cm during early bloom, depending on the pot size you’ve used. Prepare to harvest up to 500–600 g/plant during October. You’ll savour delicious notes of blueberry, citrus, and pepper from these buds as a THC content of 25% starts to take hold of your mind and body.

Royal Skywalker
23_genetic background_1 Blueberry x Mazar
33_Yield indoors_1 550 - 600 gr/m2
31_plant height outdoor_1 80 - 130 cm
25_flowering time_1 9 - 10 weeks
29_THC_1 THC: 25%
28_Type Blend_1 Sativa 40% Indica 60%
34_yield outdoor_1 500 - 600 gr/plant
32_plant height outdoors_1 150 - 200 cm
27_harvest period_1 October
22_Effect_1 Clear, Physically Relaxing

Buy Royal Skywalker

External Resources:
  1. Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic https://www.nature.com
  2. Bacteria colonising Penstemon digitalis https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Antimicrobial Activity and Proposed Action Mechanism https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Linalool Ameliorates Memory Loss and Behavioral Impairment https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Linalool Odor-Induced Anxiolytic Effects in Mice https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Inhalation of a racemic mixture https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Lavender essential oil ameliorates depression https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oil and Linalool https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. Depressive disorder (depression) https://www.who.int
  10. Linalool as a Therapeutic and Medicinal Tool in Depression https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. Linalool attenuates oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Disclaimer:
This content is for educational purposes only. The information provided is derived from research gathered from external sources.

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Privacy Policy - Royal Queen Seeds

To ensure a safe online environment and guarantee adequate data protection, we strictly comply with all legal requirements. In this privacy statement, we provide information about how and for what purpose data is collected, safety measures, storage periods and contact details.


COMPANY NAME: SNORKEL SPAIN, SL (hereinafter ROYAL QUEEN SEEDS)

C/ Vilar d'Abdelà, 5 (nave 1) CP: 08170 de Montornès del Vallès

+34 937 379 846

support@royalqueenseeds.com


The present Privacy Policy sets out the terms on which we will treat personal data at ROYAL QUEEN SEEDS; this includes any personal data collected through our website https://www.royalqueenseeds.com/ as well as any other data we process in the course of our business activities.

ROYAL QUEEN SEEDS collects the following personal data for the purposes listed below:

SECTION 1 – PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT

1.1 Account purchases

Account purchases can only be made if you are in possession of a personal account. When you create an account or purchase something from our shop, as part of the buying and selling process we collect the following personal information that you provide to us:

This information is required for delivery. In addition, when you browse our shop, we automatically receive the Internet Protocol (IP) address of your computer. Based on this information, we can optimise your online experience and at the same time protect our online environment.

Purpose of data collection

We collect and store account-related data for the following purposes:

(a) to carry out obligations arising from any contracts between you and us, and to provide you with information, products and services that you may request from us;

(b) to set up, manage and communicate with you about your account and your orders;

(c) to conduct market research and analysis;

(d) to confirm your age and identity, and to detect and prevent fraud.

1.2 Newsletters

With your explicit permission, we may send you newsletters about our shop, new products and other updates. We send newsletters based on your explicit consent. In the event that you purchase a product, and in accordance with current regulations, we may send you commercial communications in accordance with the legitimate interest of our company, always about products or services similar to those you have purchased or contracted. In any case, you may exercise your right of opposition through the channels announced in this Privacy Policy. The following information is collected in relation to the newsletter:

We do not need to know the sex of the person in order to send the newsletter (data minimisation: by law we must ask for data that is strictly necessary to provide the service, and in this case knowing the sex is not necessary to send the newsletter).

Purpose of data collection

The data collected is used to:

(a) personalise our emails, including your name and gender;

(b) provide gender-specific content.

You can withdraw your consent at any time by using the link provided in the newsletter or the contact information provided in section 2.

1.3 Customer service and contact form

In order to provide appropriate support, our customer service employees have access to information related to the account. Consequently, their support will be highly effective and friendly. The data provided in our contact form is used by our CRM provider, SuperOffice. We will only use your details to respond to your message.

SECTION 2 – LEGITIMATE INTEREST

If you have purchased any of our products, please note that we may process your personal data for promotional purposes, based on Royal Queen Seeds' legitimate interest only to offer you products or services from our company and about products or services similar to those you have purchased. You may exercise your right to opt out of future messages by the means set out in this Privacy Policy or through any notification you receive.

2.1 How do you withdraw consent?

If you change your mind, you can withdraw your consent for us to contact you for the purpose of collecting, using, or disclosing your data at any time by reaching out to us at: support@royalqueenseeds.com.

SECTION 3 – DISCLOSURE

We may disclose your personal information if we are required to do so by law or if you breach our Terms of Service.

SECTION 4 – HOW LONG DO WE KEEP YOUR DATA?

At Royal Queen Seeds, we will not retain your data for longer than is necessary for the purposes described in this Policy. Different retention periods apply for different types of data; however, the longest period we will normally hold any personal data is 10 years.

4.1 Account information

Data relating to the account remains relevant for as long as the consumer is in possession of an account. Therefore, the data remains documented for as long as the account exists. When our customers delete an account, the associated data will be deleted within a reasonable period of time. Requests regarding the inspection or correction of stored personal data or the deletion of an account can be sent to support@royalqueenseeds.com.

4.2 Newsletters

In the event that you give us your consent to inform you about our products or services, we will keep your data until you express your wish not to receive any further communications from us. However, we regularly (every month) carry out a relevance check. Registered customers (and their personal information) will be deleted whenever customers do not reply to our request. In addition, our newsletter mailing has an opt-out feature. Consumers can withdraw their consent by using this opt-out feature.

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5.1 Functional Cookies

Functional cookies are used to enhance your online experience. Among other things, these cookies track what is added to your shopping cart. The use of these cookies does not require prior authorization.

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Analytical cookies are used for research and market analysis. The data collected with these analytical cookies is anonymous, making it unusable for third parties. The use of these cookies does not require prior authorization.

SECTION 5 – THIRD-PARTY SERVICES

Third-party services are required to conduct transactions and provide our services. In general, the third-party providers we use will only collect, use and disclose your information to the extent necessary to enable them to perform the services they provide to us.

However, certain third-party service providers, such as payment gateways and other payment transaction processors, have their own privacy policies regarding the information we must provide to them for your transactions.

We encourage you to read the privacy policies of these providers so that you can understand how these providers will handle your personal information.

In particular, certain suppliers may be located or have facilities located in a different jurisdiction than yours or ours. Therefore, if you choose to proceed with a transaction involving the services of a third party, your information may be subject to the laws of the jurisdiction in which that service provider or its facilities are located.

Once you leave our website or are redirected to a third-party website or application, you are no longer governed by this Privacy Policy or the Terms of Service of our website.

Web analytics service (anonymous data)

On this website we have integrated an element of a web analytics service (with anonymisation functionality). Web analytics can be defined as the gathering, processing and analysis of data about the behaviour of visitors to websites. An analytics service collects, among other things, data about which website a person came from (the so-called referrer), which sub-pages they visited or how often and for how long they visited a sub-page. Web analytics is mainly used for website optimisation and for a cost–benefit analysis of internet advertising.

Courier service

To complete deliveries we use a courier service. This courier service carries out the delivery between our company and the consumer's home. To complete these logistics, the company requires access to the consumer's name and address information.

Mailing service

Royal Queen Seeds uses a third-party mail service provider to send its newsletter. This provider has access to limited account information related to opt-in consent (e.g. email address).

Marketing services

Royal Queen Seeds has the support of a company that specialises in marketing and communication activities. Their access to personal information is very limited and mostly anonymous.

Payment services

At Royal Queen Seeds we use external payment services to handle our transactions (e.g. credit card payments).

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To protect your personal information, we take reasonable precautions and follow industry standard best practices to ensure that it is not inappropriately lost, misused, accessed, disclosed, altered or destroyed.

If you provide us with your credit card information, the information is encrypted using secure socket layer technology (SSL) and stored using AES-256 encryption. Although no method of transmission over the internet or electronic storage is 100% secure, we follow all PCI-DSS requirements and implement additional industry standards that are commonly accepted. Information related to the account is protected with a hashing method. This method transforms the information into a generated hash. As a result, confidential information is protected and invisible, even to us. In addition, our databases are exceptionally protected against unauthorised access. For example, access to the database is only possible and permitted via approved IP addresses (e.g. from Royal Queen Seeds headquarters). Other attempts and addresses are rejected at all times.

Furthermore, data is anonymised as much as possible, so it cannot be directly linked to a specific consumer. With this data, however, we may be able to carry out market research and analysis. In addition, the third parties concerned (e.g. mailing service) are examined prior to our collaboration, comply with the GDPR from the EU and receive a processing agreement. Within Royal Queen Seeds, employees are assigned different access permissions. Specific permission provides access only to information that is strictly required to perform a task. Digital security measures are subject to change and must meet high requirements to ensure the safety of online customers. That is why, at Royal Queen Seeds, we appoint a security officer. Regular verification and improvement of security measures (where necessary) are part of the role.

SECTION 7 – CHANGES TO THIS PRIVACY POLICY

We reserve the right to modify this Privacy Policy at any time, so please check back regularly. Changes and clarifications will be effective immediately upon being published on the Website. If we make substantial changes to this policy, we will notify you here that it has been updated so you will know what information we collect, how we use it and under what circumstances, if any, we use and/or disclose it.

SECTION 8 – YOU HAVE THE RIGHT TO: