By Steven Voser

The CBD boom has made headlines all across the globe. Whether it's mixed into a smoothie, taken as an oral tincture, or consumed in the form of chewable gummies, CBD is believed to deliver all kinds of wellness benefits. But when it comes to the safety of cannabidiol and understanding how it acts in the human body, we know far less than CBD retailers like to lead on.

In what follows, we explore the current information on CBD’s safety profile, mechanism of action, legality, and more.


Is CBD Safe?

CBD is often marketed as a safe, non-toxic compound. Indeed, to date, most research suggests that CBD is very well-tolerated by most people. On the off chance that it might cause adverse effects, these tend to be fairly mild, and include dry mouth and diarrhoea, among others. CBD may also compete for metabolism with blood thinners or other medications in the liver, and may therefore affect the half-life of these drugs—which is a very serious relationship for consumers and health professionals to consider.

At the same time, there is still a lot we don't know about CBD and the mechanisms via which it acts in the body. Hence, more research is needed to help us understand how it works before we can make informed conclusions about CBD’s safety.

A growing interest in cannabinoids and their potential benefits, as well as changes to cannabis laws in various regions of the world, has given rise to a larger body of research aimed at understanding cannabis and its major active ingredients. CBD, in particular, has been the focus of numerous preclinical and clinical studies. Here's what these studies[1] have taught us so far regarding CBD's safety:

  1. Animal studies and clinical trials suggest that CBD is generally well-tolerated and safe.
  2. CBD can cause side effects. The most common include tiredness, diarrhoea, and weight/appetite changes. Other side effects may include irritability and dry mouth.
  3. CBD may compete for metabolism by liver enzymes and thereby affect the metabolism and half-life of prescription medications. More research into this relationship is needed to fully understand the safety of CBD and cross-drug interactions.

Is Cannabidiol Addictive?

Research shows that cannabis can be habit-forming and cause dependence in some users. CBD, however, doesn't show the same addiction potential. To date, there are no studies to suggest that CBD-rich cannabis or CBD supplements can be addictive. In fact, CBD was deemed to show no abuse potential by the World Health Organisation, and was subsequently removed from various controlled substance lists (most notably that of the World Anti-Doping Agency).

Moreover, some studies have made headlines over the past few years suggesting that CBD may actually help individuals overcome addictions to various substances, including alcohol and nicotine. While these results are certainly interesting, they are far from conclusive, and much more research is needed to understand how CBD (and cannabis in general) may affect a person's addiction to another substance.

Can You Build a Tolerance to CBD?

The science surrounding CBD tolerance isn't very clear. Many sources claim that it doesn't build a tolerance, many others claim that it might, and some even claim that CBD can cause a "reverse tolerance"—meaning you'll need to take less CBD over time than when you first started taking it to achieve the same effect. The truth, at least based on current research, is that we simply don't know.

Few scientific studies have exclusively explored CBD's tolerance-forming potential. And while most of the research exploring CBD under other pretexts claims that it is well-tolerated, that isn't enough to conclude whether or not you can build a tolerance to it. Unfortunately, CBD has a complex mechanism of action that we still don't fully understand, though the fact that it doesn't bind to CB1 or CB2 receptors suggests that CBD doesn't cause tolerance in the same way that THC does. In response to regular exposure to THC, cells will try to regulate themselves by reducing the number of CB1 receptors available for THC to bind with in the future.

Meanwhile, other sources suggest that CBD might cause a "functional tolerance". That is, your body might become less responsive to the effects of CBD over time, and you may end up taking increasingly higher doses in response to that. This seems very plausible, seeing as most substances (including coffee, alcohol, and many more) have this kind of effect. Given current research, however, we simply can't say for certain whether or not CBD is tolerance-building.

CBD Safe

How Is CBD Used?

CBD is commonly used in the form of CBD oil or liquid tinctures (which are partially absorbed via mucous membranes in the mouth and via the digestive tract), in the form of gummies or other infused edibles (which are processed by the digestive tract and liver), or as topicals that act directly on receptors in the skin. Vaping CBD is also growing in popularity.

Unlike THC, CBD doesn't seem to have a high affinity for the main cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Instead, it is believed to act on a combination of:

  • Serotonin receptors (5-HT1A)
  • Capsaicin receptors (TRPV1)
  • Gamma receptors (PPAR)
  • Orphan receptors (GPR55)

CBD is also believed to work as a reuptake inhibitor for the endogenous cannabinoids 2AG and AEA[2], meaning it can interrupt their metabolism and temporarily increase concentrations in the brain.

Such diverse mechanisms of action only contribute to the complexity of making broad statements about CBD’s relationship with the body, and its overall safety. Furthermore, different methods of administration may provide distinct outcomes, as each has a different bioavailability, onset and duration of effects, and unique ingredients.

The popularity of CBD has risen dramatically in recent years, and in many regions around the world legislative powers have been playing catch-up to properly regulate this burgeoning industry. Obviously, CBD legislation varies from one region to another. Below we summarise some of the biggest legislative moves regarding CBD's legality in Europe and other parts of the world.

2018

The WHO concluded[3] that CBD is effective in the treatment of refractory epilepsy (particularly in children) in certain cases, and has no potential for abuse or dependence, and should therefore not be controlled in the same manner as THC.

The same year, the 2018 US Farm Bill addressed grey areas[4] regarding the legality of CBD in the United States. The bill confirmed that hemp (cannabis plants with less than 0.3% THC) and hemp-derived products were legal, though it maintained THC as a Schedule I controlled substance under federal law.

2020

The European Court of Justice stated that CBD is not considered a narcotic drug under European drug laws[5] and could be qualified as a "novel food" given that the form in which it is sold meets EU food safety regulations.

What About CBD in Sport?

By the look of it, CBD has a wide variety of potential applications. And while many of these haven't been confirmed or are still being studied, a growing number of athletes (both professional and amateur) have begun using CBD as part of their diet and supplementary routine to help with recovery and training. Since CBD is derived from cannabis, a prohibited substance under world anti-doping laws, the use of CBD by professional athletes quickly raised discussions among anti-doping agencies.

As of 2018, the World Anti-Doping Agency has removed CBD from its list of prohibited substances[6]. However, other cannabinoids, such as THC, remain prohibited. Since CBD products may contain trace amounts of THC that could potentially trigger a positive drug test, anti-doping bodies such as USADA and UKAD have warned about the risks of professional athletes using CBD.

What Are the Biggest Concerns Regarding the Safety of CBD?

Many legislative powers have concluded that CBD is generally safe, regardless of the fact that we still don't completely understand how it acts in the body. Nonetheless, there are still some real concerns facing CBD. These include:

⚖️ Reliability

While CBD is often marketed as a wellness supplement, most CBD products aren't assessed as rigorously as other supplements or medications. That's usually because legislative powers don't recognise CBD as a medicine or supplement in the first place. In the US, for example, the only CBD medication approved by the FDA is Epidiolex, which can be prescribed to treat rare forms of treatment-resistant epilepsy. In the EU, on the other hand, CBD is considered a "novel food", and therefore isn't tested or regulated in the same way as medications or supplements, and isn't accepted for therapeutic use.

⚗️ Chemical complexity

Cannabis is an extremely complex plant that contains close to 500 different chemical compounds. Each has unique and complex ways of interacting with the body, as well as the potential to synergise with other compounds and produce distinct reactions (a theory known as the entourage effect). CBD products may contain varying concentrations of these compounds, which only adds to the difficulty of understanding the way these products may act in the body.

? Drug testing

Moreover, the fact that CBD products may contain trace amounts of THC and other cannabinoids can prove problematic for anyone subject to drug testing. Most legal CBD products should not contain enough THC to trigger a positive result, but it is not unheard of.

? Black market products

Black market CBD products are sold in various parts of the world. These products are subject to zero testing or quality control, and therefore we never recommend buying CBD on the street or from any other unreliable source.

CBD and Children: Observing the Current Body of Research

CBD is often touted as some kind of cure-all, including the use of CBD for children. When assessing whether any drug is safe to use, especially by children, it’s important to cut through the rhetoric and take an honest look at the research.

  • Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy: The Case of Charlotte Figi

Especially in relation to CBD for kids, the case study of Charlotte Figi comes up a lot, and with good reason. Charlotte Figi suffered from Dravet syndrome, a form of severe epilepsy, and experienced around 300 seizures a week. After trying countless medicines to little effect, it was discovered that a CBD-rich extract—dubbed Charlotte’s Web—brought her seizures down to 0–1 a week, and allowed for all other medications to be stopped. But this is just one case.

In 2018, Lattanzi et al. conducted a review and meta-analysis[7] into CBD’s efficacy in relation to Dravet syndrome and Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. In total, it looked into the cases of 550 individual participants. They noted the particular potential CBD may have in cases that prove otherwise treatment-resistant.

In 2019, Silvestro et al. conducted similar research[8], but specifically on infants, children, and teenagers with treatment-resistant epilepsy. Results noted statistically significant differences between the group given CBD and those in the control. Likewise, it noted few adverse effects.

Is CBD Safe for Children?

Is CBD safe for kids? This question is difficult to properly answer, because we just don’t know enough about CBD yet.

  • Can You Give CBD to Children?

In relation to children, it’s always best to exercise caution. For instance, the FDA advises against the use of CBD by pregnant or breastfeeding women because its effects on infants are simply unknown. Likewise, giving it directly to infants and children has potential unknown effects.

On the flip side, Epidiolex, a CBD-based pharmaceutical, is now authorised in numerous countries for use in children with severe, drug-resistant epilepsy. Therefore, it may be that there are some instances wherein CBD might be suitable for children.

It’s an incredibly difficult conversation. We are not able to recommend that anyone give CBD to children, as the evidence surrounding it is inconclusive, and its safety profile is not yet determined.

That being said, ultimately the decision is up to the parent or guardian, and assessing the situation objectively is critical. If a child has a severe, treatment-resistant condition, it may be worth talking to their doctor about CBD.

What's the Future for CBD?

The demand for CBD has grown exponentially in recent years. And while there are clear challenges to properly regulating CBD and ensuring the safety and reliability of all CBD products, we will likely see these challenges addressed as our understanding of this complex cannabinoid develops.

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Privacy Policy - Royal Queen Seeds

To ensure a safe online environment and guarantee adequate data protection, we strictly comply with all legal requirements. In this privacy statement, we provide information about how and for what purpose data is collected, safety measures, storage periods and contact details.


COMPANY NAME: SNORKEL SPAIN, SL (hereinafter ROYAL QUEEN SEEDS)

C/ Vilar d'Abdelà, 5 (nave 1) CP: 08170 de Montornès del Vallès

+34 937 379 846

support@royalqueenseeds.com


The present Privacy Policy sets out the terms on which we will treat personal data at ROYAL QUEEN SEEDS; this includes any personal data collected through our website https://www.royalqueenseeds.com/ as well as any other data we process in the course of our business activities.

ROYAL QUEEN SEEDS collects the following personal data for the purposes listed below:

SECTION 1 – PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT

1.1 Account purchases

Account purchases can only be made if you are in possession of a personal account. When you create an account or purchase something from our shop, as part of the buying and selling process we collect the following personal information that you provide to us:

This information is required for delivery. In addition, when you browse our shop, we automatically receive the Internet Protocol (IP) address of your computer. Based on this information, we can optimise your online experience and at the same time protect our online environment.

Purpose of data collection

We collect and store account-related data for the following purposes:

(a) to carry out obligations arising from any contracts between you and us, and to provide you with information, products and services that you may request from us;

(b) to set up, manage and communicate with you about your account and your orders;

(c) to conduct market research and analysis;

(d) to confirm your age and identity, and to detect and prevent fraud.

1.2 Newsletters

With your explicit permission, we may send you newsletters about our shop, new products and other updates. We send newsletters based on your explicit consent. In the event that you purchase a product, and in accordance with current regulations, we may send you commercial communications in accordance with the legitimate interest of our company, always about products or services similar to those you have purchased or contracted. In any case, you may exercise your right of opposition through the channels announced in this Privacy Policy. The following information is collected in relation to the newsletter:

We do not need to know the sex of the person in order to send the newsletter (data minimisation: by law we must ask for data that is strictly necessary to provide the service, and in this case knowing the sex is not necessary to send the newsletter).

Purpose of data collection

The data collected is used to:

(a) personalise our emails, including your name and gender;

(b) provide gender-specific content.

You can withdraw your consent at any time by using the link provided in the newsletter or the contact information provided in section 2.

1.3 Customer service and contact form

In order to provide appropriate support, our customer service employees have access to information related to the account. Consequently, their support will be highly effective and friendly. The data provided in our contact form is used by our CRM provider, SuperOffice. We will only use your details to respond to your message.

SECTION 2 – LEGITIMATE INTEREST

If you have purchased any of our products, please note that we may process your personal data for promotional purposes, based on Royal Queen Seeds' legitimate interest only to offer you products or services from our company and about products or services similar to those you have purchased. You may exercise your right to opt out of future messages by the means set out in this Privacy Policy or through any notification you receive.

2.1 How do you withdraw consent?

If you change your mind, you can withdraw your consent for us to contact you for the purpose of collecting, using, or disclosing your data at any time by reaching out to us at: support@royalqueenseeds.com.

SECTION 3 – DISCLOSURE

We may disclose your personal information if we are required to do so by law or if you breach our Terms of Service.

SECTION 4 – HOW LONG DO WE KEEP YOUR DATA?

At Royal Queen Seeds, we will not retain your data for longer than is necessary for the purposes described in this Policy. Different retention periods apply for different types of data; however, the longest period we will normally hold any personal data is 10 years.

4.1 Account information

Data relating to the account remains relevant for as long as the consumer is in possession of an account. Therefore, the data remains documented for as long as the account exists. When our customers delete an account, the associated data will be deleted within a reasonable period of time. Requests regarding the inspection or correction of stored personal data or the deletion of an account can be sent to support@royalqueenseeds.com.

4.2 Newsletters

In the event that you give us your consent to inform you about our products or services, we will keep your data until you express your wish not to receive any further communications from us. However, we regularly (every month) carry out a relevance check. Registered customers (and their personal information) will be deleted whenever customers do not reply to our request. In addition, our newsletter mailing has an opt-out feature. Consumers can withdraw their consent by using this opt-out feature.

SECTION 5 – COOKIES

Cookies are small information files that notify your computer of previous interactions with our website. These cookies are stored on your hard drive, not on our website. Essentially, when you use our website, your computer displays its cookies to us, informing our site that you have visited before. This allows our website to function more quickly and remember aspects related to your previous visits (such as your username), making your experience more convenient. At Royal Queen Seeds, we use two types of cookies: functional and analytical.

5.1 Functional Cookies

Functional cookies are used to enhance your online experience. Among other things, these cookies track what is added to your shopping cart. The use of these cookies does not require prior authorization.

5.2 Analytical Cookies

Analytical cookies are used for research and market analysis. The data collected with these analytical cookies is anonymous, making it unusable for third parties. The use of these cookies does not require prior authorization.

SECTION 5 – THIRD-PARTY SERVICES

Third-party services are required to conduct transactions and provide our services. In general, the third-party providers we use will only collect, use and disclose your information to the extent necessary to enable them to perform the services they provide to us.

However, certain third-party service providers, such as payment gateways and other payment transaction processors, have their own privacy policies regarding the information we must provide to them for your transactions.

We encourage you to read the privacy policies of these providers so that you can understand how these providers will handle your personal information.

In particular, certain suppliers may be located or have facilities located in a different jurisdiction than yours or ours. Therefore, if you choose to proceed with a transaction involving the services of a third party, your information may be subject to the laws of the jurisdiction in which that service provider or its facilities are located.

Once you leave our website or are redirected to a third-party website or application, you are no longer governed by this Privacy Policy or the Terms of Service of our website.

Web analytics service (anonymous data)

On this website we have integrated an element of a web analytics service (with anonymisation functionality). Web analytics can be defined as the gathering, processing and analysis of data about the behaviour of visitors to websites. An analytics service collects, among other things, data about which website a person came from (the so-called referrer), which sub-pages they visited or how often and for how long they visited a sub-page. Web analytics is mainly used for website optimisation and for a cost–benefit analysis of internet advertising.

Courier service

To complete deliveries we use a courier service. This courier service carries out the delivery between our company and the consumer's home. To complete these logistics, the company requires access to the consumer's name and address information.

Mailing service

Royal Queen Seeds uses a third-party mail service provider to send its newsletter. This provider has access to limited account information related to opt-in consent (e.g. email address).

Marketing services

Royal Queen Seeds has the support of a company that specialises in marketing and communication activities. Their access to personal information is very limited and mostly anonymous.

Payment services

At Royal Queen Seeds we use external payment services to handle our transactions (e.g. credit card payments).

SECTION 6 – SECURITY

To protect your personal information, we take reasonable precautions and follow industry standard best practices to ensure that it is not inappropriately lost, misused, accessed, disclosed, altered or destroyed.

If you provide us with your credit card information, the information is encrypted using secure socket layer technology (SSL) and stored using AES-256 encryption. Although no method of transmission over the internet or electronic storage is 100% secure, we follow all PCI-DSS requirements and implement additional industry standards that are commonly accepted. Information related to the account is protected with a hashing method. This method transforms the information into a generated hash. As a result, confidential information is protected and invisible, even to us. In addition, our databases are exceptionally protected against unauthorised access. For example, access to the database is only possible and permitted via approved IP addresses (e.g. from Royal Queen Seeds headquarters). Other attempts and addresses are rejected at all times.

Furthermore, data is anonymised as much as possible, so it cannot be directly linked to a specific consumer. With this data, however, we may be able to carry out market research and analysis. In addition, the third parties concerned (e.g. mailing service) are examined prior to our collaboration, comply with the GDPR from the EU and receive a processing agreement. Within Royal Queen Seeds, employees are assigned different access permissions. Specific permission provides access only to information that is strictly required to perform a task. Digital security measures are subject to change and must meet high requirements to ensure the safety of online customers. That is why, at Royal Queen Seeds, we appoint a security officer. Regular verification and improvement of security measures (where necessary) are part of the role.

SECTION 7 – CHANGES TO THIS PRIVACY POLICY

We reserve the right to modify this Privacy Policy at any time, so please check back regularly. Changes and clarifications will be effective immediately upon being published on the Website. If we make substantial changes to this policy, we will notify you here that it has been updated so you will know what information we collect, how we use it and under what circumstances, if any, we use and/or disclose it.

SECTION 8 – YOU HAVE THE RIGHT TO: