By Luke Sumpter Reviewed by: Mitchell Gorgichuk


Growers aren’t limited to soil when it comes to cultivating weed. Deep Water Culture (DWC) is one method of growing cannabis hydroponically that can have many advantages. Find out what makes a DWC grow so rewarding, and how you can set up one of your very own!

What is DWC?

Deep Water Culture (DWC) is a style of hydroponic growing that does not use a medium. In a DWC setup, the plants are suspended in special pots or nets, with their roots stretching down, immersed into a pool of aerated, nutrient-rich water. Growing cannabis in a DWC setup can have many benefits as compared to some other growing methods.

What is DWC?

What Is Bubbleponics or Top-Fed DWC?

Bubbleponics systems, also known as top-fed DWC, are almost identical to normal DWC systems. However, they feature one small difference that improves root aeration, nutrient uptake, and speed of growth during the early portion of the vegetative stage.

Bubbleponic systems feature a water pump within the reservoir that is connected to small irrigation tubes. These tubes are inserted into the net pots hanging from the top of the system—exactly where the young roots emerge from the starting block. This means young plants receive a good dose of oxygen and nutrients before their roots reach the reservoir below, resulting in faster growth and better-established plants.

However, this technique comes with potential drawbacks as plants mature. The heat generated by the pump, although minimal, can add to the overall temperature of the growing environment. Furthermore, top-fed systems can cause deposits to accumulate around the upper portion of the root zone which can cause issues. For these reasons, growers are advised to discontinue top-fed DWC once plant roots make contact with the aerated solution below.

DWC vs RDWC

Now you’re more familiar with DWC, have you ever heard of recirculating deep water culture (RDWC)? Whereas DWC plants grow directly into a reservoir below, RDWC systems feature a standalone reservoir that contains a nutrient solution. These systems have the ability to service many plants at once with the same nutrient solution. Pumps are used to distribute the solution to many separate plants before it returns to the reservoir through a network of pipes.

RDWC systems are great for tending to many hydroponic plants simultaneously, but they cost significantly more to set up as they require pumps, plumbing and a water chiller. Adding to this, they also involve higher running costs because of the electricity needed to power the pumps to shift a larger fluid volume.

What are the advantages of deep water culture?

Fast vegetative growth and bigger yields

Plants grown in DWC setups have easier access to oxygen and nutrients, which means they spend less energy searching for nutrients and developing roots. As a result, plants will reward you with fast vegetative growth and excellent yields. In a good DWC setup with the right nutrients and strain, cannabis can grow as much as 10cm in a single day!

Know that the speed of growth in a DWC doesn’t affect when your plants will be ready to harvest. The fast veg growth will result in bigger plants with fatter buds, but they will still require a normal flowering time.

Reduced risk of pests

Since a DWC setup doesn’t use any growing medium, there is little risk of bugs and other cannabis pests latching on.

Plants can grow larger

The lack of growing medium in a DWC allows your plants to take advantage of all the available space and nutrients to grow as large as possible.

Low-maintenance

Once a DWC system is set up and running, it requires very little everyday maintenance. You can even leave it alone for over 24 hours.

Watering is less difficult

A DWC system is fully automated, which means you don’t need to worry about under or overwatering your plants. Once set up properly, your DWC will always supply the right amount of nutrients and oxygen to your plants.

The Disadvantages of DWC

DWC works great most of the time. Growers consistently produce healthy, fast-growing plants with excellent yields. But these systems have a few disadvantages that turn some cultivators off. Check out the main downfalls below.

Air Pump Failure

While growers take steps to automate their DWC systems, accidents do happen. Whether the power cuts out or your pump fails, your plants will quickly decline without fresh air. A lack of oxygen means an anaerobic (void of oxygen) environment will take hold, resulting in slowed growth and the rise of undesirable microbes.

Temperature Maintenance

Hydroponic growers need to keep their solution at a temperature of 18–20°C for optimal growth. However, heat generated by the pump can make this difficult. Keep a thermometer handy, and use ice packs or hydroponic chillers when things get too hot for your plants to handle.

Parameter Fluctuations

DWC growers also need to regularly monitor and adjust fluctuations in nutrient concentration, water level, and pH. Constantly checking and fixing these issues can become quite a chore.

Is DWC suitable for new growers?

There is still a myth going around that DWC is “difficult”, but nothing could be further from the truth. It is really no more difficult than any other growing method where each has its own quirks and inconveniences. In fact, a DWC system can ultimately be one of the easiest methods to grow cannabis since it requires very little time and maintenance.

However, if one is still new to growing cannabis, it can be recommended to first grow hydroponically using a substrate like coco. This is because coco can be more forgiving, which allows the grower more room for error. That being said, there are plenty of cultivators who started out with a DWC setup and found success right away.

How to set up a DWC grow

For growing cannabis in a DWC, you will need these things:

  • Water/nutrient reservoir (shared or individually for each plant)
  • DWC net pots to hold your plants
  • Hydroponic nutrients
  • Air pump (and air stones) for the aeration of your nutrient water

Now, let’s take a look at each of these DWC components in more detail:

1. The reservoir

One difference of using a DWC system as compared to growing in a medium such as soil is the reservoir. In this setup, plants themselves will be suspended above the reservoir containing the feeding solution, while the roots will stretch down where they will be fully immersed in the nutrient-rich “deep water”. Since the roots should not receive any light (to prevent issues such as the growth of algae), the reservoir is normally a light-proof container.

There are different types of DWC systems: Some setups may have one large shared reservoir for a number of plants. Other setups may consist of several smaller DWC reservoirs for each plant. Separate reservoirs like this have the advantage of allowing more control over each individual plant. Otherwise, if you grow multiple plants that share one reservoir, it can become tricky when you grow different strains or when your plants flower at different rates. Therefore, you should grow only the same type of strain if you have a system that uses one large reservoir.

Recirculating DWC systems make use of one large tank that is connected to a number of individual smaller reservoirs for each plant. The feeding solution is fed from the large tank to each of the plants, and is recirculated back into the tank. Some systems may just have one air pump and an air stone in the large tank, while others may have an air stone in each container for each plant. Air stones create bubbles to ensure proper gas exchange.

Simpler systems for single plants may consist of one reservoir, a small pump, and an air stone for one plant. Due to the dramatic growth of a plant in a DWC, a small, single-plant DWC system could be sufficient to fill-out a small tent in just a few weeks.

The reservoir

2. DWC net pots

In well-sorted grow shops that carry products for hydroponics, you can get so-called “net pots”, which are suitable for DWC systems. As compared to normal planting pots, these pots have a wide mesh so that the roots can easily reach the water below.

Alternatively, you can make your own DWC net pots out of almost anything by creating a number of large holes in containers or plastic flower pots. The difficulty here, however, is that cutting or drilling might result in sharp edges that could damage the sensitive roots. One good way to go about this is to use a soldering iron where you burn holes in the sides, rather than cutting or drilling them. (Do this outdoors since the fumes from burning plastic can be hazardous). You can also use baskets or nets for your DWC system.

Fill your net pots with an inert growing medium with low-water retention such as perlite, clay pellets (hydroton), or lava rocks. For germination, it’s best when to start out your seeds in Rockwool and transfer them over to your DWC after a couple of days.

Note: When your seeds have just germinated and are now sitting in pots in your DWC, the roots will obviously not be long enough yet to reach into your reservoir. Until this happens, you will have to top-water your plants. Some more elaborate DWC setups do top-feeding/top-dripping where water from the reservoir also trickles directly over the seedling’s roots. However, top-feeding only provided benefits for around two weeks. Most growers aren’t willing to carry out the extra work for such a short period and forgo this addition to their DWC setup.

DWC net pots

3. Hydroponic nutrients and additives for your DWC

Aside from using quality hydroponic nutrients in the recommended dosage for your particular reservoir, one of the most important things for hydroponics is pH value. Most of the time, if something goes wrong with a DWC grow, it is likely because of a pH imbalance. For your DWC, the ideal pH is around 5.8. Make sure not to stray out of a pH range between 5.5 and 6.5.

One advantage of DWC is that it can require less nutrients than other growing methods. However, you should be regularly monitoring the pH of your feeding solution. To correct any pH issues, you can get ready-made products such as a “pH Up” and pH Down” in any good hydroponics shop. Most of the time, you will only need a few drops of these pH correctors.

Hydroponic nutrients and additives for your DWC
  • How Often To Refresh The Reservoir?

There are no rules set in stone for how often you should renew the reservoir in your DWC. Some growers drain and exchange their water every one or two weeks, although some go longer than that. Whether and when to top-off or exchange your reservoir contents will depend on how much nutrients your plants use.

For this reason, one of the most important tools in your DWC will be a good ppm/EC meter. With this meter, you can keep track of any fluctuations. With some experience, and by monitoring your plants’ nutrient intake, it might be possible to get through an entire grow without having to exchange your reservoir until your final flush. You may just be able to top-off your tank with nutrients to maintain your desired ppm value.

4. Aeration for your dwc system using an air pump

Your cannabis plants need oxygen to grow, which makes the air pump in your DWC a most critical component. In fact, many growers keep a backup emergency air pump should one stop working. Understanding that just one day without a working pump could likely kill your crops, having a backup pump will be smart and provide you with peace of mind.

  • Choosing An Air Pump For Your DWC

When looking around online, you will find lots of different air pumps offered that are not very expensive. You can get quite powerful pumps for less than €30 today. A problem, however, can be choosing the right one for your DWC system. Air pumps mainly differ in how much air they can pump per hour.

As a general rule, you should get an air pump that can supply at least double the litres per hour of the volume of your reservoir. For example, if you have a 100l tank, get a pump that can supply 200l/hour. Know that an air pump costing you no more than a few euros will likely not last a lifetime, so get the backup pump as well. And while you’re at it, also get some more air stones. It’s always better to be safe than sorry!

Choosing the correct air pump will help to achieve the best results when growing hydroponically. Investing in a good pump will help you avoid common DWC issues and provide enough pumping power to operate your setup correctly. First of all, we suggest investing in a high-quality pump to avoid overheating issues. Hydroponic air pumps often get too hot and alter the temperature of the nutrient solution. Several factors can cause this including poorly made, cheap pumps that generate too much friction. Using a powerful pump alongside a small nutrient reservoir can also cause heat to build up. As well as investing in a high-quality pump, you also need to select a model with the appropriate power for your reservoir. You can work this out simply by aiming for 1 watt of pumping power per gallon of solution.

Aeration for your dwc system using an air pump
  • Air Pumps And Noise

Modern air pumps can be quiet, yet the overall noise from a DWC system from vibrating parts can still be a concern, especially if you want to keep things stealthy and under the radar. Your air pump will likely be the noisiest part in your setup, but there are things you can do to make it even quieter. You could hang the pump instead of putting it on the floor, which can help minimise unwanted vibrations and noises. When you glue on any loose and wiggling parts from your DWC system, such as tubes or whatever else might rattle and shake, this can also make a big difference when it comes to noise levels. For large pumps, you can put these into a noise-isolating chamber as long as you make sure that the pump can still get air to function.

The best strains for DWC

You can grow pretty much any strain in a DWC if you keep a close eye on everything. On the other hand, some strains are less susceptible to fluctuations that can happen in a DWC system, making them an overall better choice for hydroponics.

When selecting strains to choose for your DWC grow, you may want to opt for plants that have tried and tested success in hydroponic grows.

Here is a list of strains by Royal Queen Seeds that can tolerate nutrient/pH fluctuations well:

ROYAL MOBY

Royal Moby by Royal Queen Seeds is a potent, sativa-dominant hybrid that can handle large amounts of nutrients without being overfed, which makes her a great choice for DWC. Get ready for a powerful high thanks to her 21% THC!

Royal Moby

Royal Moby
23_genetic background_1 Haze x White Widow
33_Yield indoors_1 550 - 600 gr/m2
31_plant height outdoor_1 80 - 140 cm
25_flowering time_1 9 - 10 weeks
29_THC_1 THC: 21%
28_Type Blend_1 Sativa 65% Indica 35%
34_yield outdoor_1 650 - 700 gr/plant
32_plant height outdoors_1 200 - 300 cm
27_harvest period_1 Late October
22_Effect_1 Balanced, Clear, Stoned

Buy Royal Moby

AMNESIA HAZE

Amnesia Haze by Royal Queen Seeds is made from old-school Haze genetics, and is considered by many to be one of the best Haze varieties. The super-potent sativa (70%) delivers a truly psychedelic head high, and is very well-suited for hydroponics, including DWC.

Amnesia Haze

Amnesia Haze
23_genetic background_1 Original Amnesia Haze
33_Yield indoors_1 600 - 650 gr/m2
31_plant height outdoor_1 80 - 140 cm
25_flowering time_1 10 - 11 weeks
29_THC_1 THC: 22%
28_Type Blend_1 Sativa 70% Indica 30%
34_yield outdoor_1 650 - 700 gr/plant
32_plant height outdoors_1 175 - 210 cm
27_harvest period_1 Late October
22_Effect_1 Long Lasting , Physically Relaxing, Powerful

Buy Amnesia Haze

BLUE CHEESE

The legendary strain from the UK blended with the fruity aroma of Blueberry: Royal Queen Seeds' Blue Cheese doesn't just taste amazing—the strain takes on a great shape when you grow her in a SOG or DWC.

Blue Cheese

Blue Cheese
23_genetic background_1 Original Cheese x Oregon Blueberry Blend
33_Yield indoors_1 500 - 550 gr/m2
31_plant height outdoor_1 100 - 160 cm
25_flowering time_1 8 - 9 weeks
29_THC_1 THC: 19%
28_Type Blend_1 Sativa 40% Indica 60%
34_yield outdoor_1 500 - 550 gr/plant
32_plant height outdoors_1 140 - 200 cm
27_harvest period_1 Late September
22_Effect_1 Clear, Physically Relaxing, Stoned

Buy Blue Cheese

SKUNK XL

An absolute classic, Skunk XL is Royal Queen Seeds' modern version of the legendary Skunk #1. This 50% sativa/indica hybrid has a well-balanced effect that mixes an uplifting head high with a relaxing body stone. She does well in many conditions including hydro, and takes a particular liking to DWC.

Skunk XL

Skunk XL
23_genetic background_1 Skunk 1 x Afghan
33_Yield indoors_1 600 - 650 gr/m2
31_plant height outdoor_1 60 - 100 cm
25_flowering time_1 8 - 9 weeks
29_THC_1 THC: 17%
28_Type Blend_1 Sativa 50% Indica 50%
34_yield outdoor_1 625 - 675 gr/plant
32_plant height outdoors_1 160 - 200 cm
27_harvest period_1 October
22_Effect_1 Balanced, Clear, Stoned

Buy Skunk XL

PURPLE QUEEN 

Purple Queen by Royal Queen Seeds is an indica-dominant cultivar that blends the qualities of purple phenotypes of Kush mountain strains. This gorgeous lady loves to show off beautiful colours and rewards you with a deeply relaxing smoke. She has a high tolerance to fertilisers, which makes her very suitable to grow in DWC.

Purple Queen

Purple Queen
23_genetic background_1 Hindu Kush x Purple Afghani
33_Yield indoors_1 450 - 500 gr/m2
31_plant height outdoor_1 80 - 120 cm
25_flowering time_1 8 - 9 weeks
29_THC_1 THC: 22%
28_Type Blend_1 Sativa 25% Indica 75%
34_yield outdoor_1 650 - 700 gr/plant
32_plant height outdoors_1 175 - 210 cm
27_harvest period_1 October
22_Effect_1 Calming, Euphoric

Buy Purple Queen

Common Questions When Setting Up DWC Systems

At Royal Queen Seeds we receive plenty of frequently asked questions, including those oriented around DWC systems. Check out the answers to some of the most common queries below.

? How Often Should I Change the Water in My DWC System?
You should aim to replace the water in your DWC system every 1–2 weeks. If life starts to get busy, wait no longer than 3 weeks to refresh your nutrient solution. Replacing your water regularly will nourish your plants and keep diseases at bay. Remove your plants from the reservoir and place them in a temporary container. Wipe everything down with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, spray it down, pour in your fresh nutrient solution, and return your plants to the system.
?️ What Temperature Should I Aim for in My DWC System?
You need to consider both the air and water temperature of your growing space. Place a thermo-hygrometer in your room; this handy tool measures both temperature and humidity. Aim to maintain an air temperature of 24–27°C. You can regulate this using fans and air conditioning units. Place a hydroponic thermometer into your reservoir. You want to maintain a water temperature of 18–20°C. Use ice packs or hydroponic coolers to regulate this if necessary.
? How Often Do I Need To Feed the Plants in My DWC System?
Hydroponic cannabis plants have access to free-form nutrients, and they rapidly gobble up these molecules to fuel their growth. You’ll need to replace the nutrient solution every 1–2 weeks to keep up with their demands. Because hydroponic nutrients are dissolved in water, you’ll naturally replenish their supplies every time you change out the water. It’s a two-birds-with-one-stone situation.

Conclusion

Growing cannabis in Deep Water Culture doesn’t need to be difficult. It may require some fine-tuning at first to get everything right, but so does any other growing method. Once you have your DWC set up and running with everything in check, it will make growing great cannabis easier and quicker than before.

Good luck with your first DWC grow!

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Privacy Policy - Royal Queen Seeds

To ensure a safe online environment and guarantee adequate data protection, we strictly comply with all legal requirements. In this privacy statement, we provide information about how and for what purpose data is collected, safety measures, storage periods and contact details.


COMPANY NAME: SNORKEL SPAIN, SL (hereinafter ROYAL QUEEN SEEDS)

C/ Vilar d'Abdelà, 5 (nave 1) CP: 08170 de Montornès del Vallès

+34 937 379 846

support@royalqueenseeds.com


The present Privacy Policy sets out the terms on which we will treat personal data at ROYAL QUEEN SEEDS; this includes any personal data collected through our website https://www.royalqueenseeds.com/ as well as any other data we process in the course of our business activities.

ROYAL QUEEN SEEDS collects the following personal data for the purposes listed below:

SECTION 1 – PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT

1.1 Account purchases

Account purchases can only be made if you are in possession of a personal account. When you create an account or purchase something from our shop, as part of the buying and selling process we collect the following personal information that you provide to us:

This information is required for delivery. In addition, when you browse our shop, we automatically receive the Internet Protocol (IP) address of your computer. Based on this information, we can optimise your online experience and at the same time protect our online environment.

Purpose of data collection

We collect and store account-related data for the following purposes:

(a) to carry out obligations arising from any contracts between you and us, and to provide you with information, products and services that you may request from us;

(b) to set up, manage and communicate with you about your account and your orders;

(c) to conduct market research and analysis;

(d) to confirm your age and identity, and to detect and prevent fraud.

1.2 Newsletters

With your explicit permission, we may send you newsletters about our shop, new products and other updates. We send newsletters based on your explicit consent. In the event that you purchase a product, and in accordance with current regulations, we may send you commercial communications in accordance with the legitimate interest of our company, always about products or services similar to those you have purchased or contracted. In any case, you may exercise your right of opposition through the channels announced in this Privacy Policy. The following information is collected in relation to the newsletter:

We do not need to know the sex of the person in order to send the newsletter (data minimisation: by law we must ask for data that is strictly necessary to provide the service, and in this case knowing the sex is not necessary to send the newsletter).

Purpose of data collection

The data collected is used to:

(a) personalise our emails, including your name and gender;

(b) provide gender-specific content.

You can withdraw your consent at any time by using the link provided in the newsletter or the contact information provided in section 2.

1.3 Customer service and contact form

In order to provide appropriate support, our customer service employees have access to information related to the account. Consequently, their support will be highly effective and friendly. The data provided in our contact form is used by our CRM provider, SuperOffice. We will only use your details to respond to your message.

SECTION 2 – LEGITIMATE INTEREST

If you have purchased any of our products, please note that we may process your personal data for promotional purposes, based on Royal Queen Seeds' legitimate interest only to offer you products or services from our company and about products or services similar to those you have purchased. You may exercise your right to opt out of future messages by the means set out in this Privacy Policy or through any notification you receive.

2.1 How do you withdraw consent?

If you change your mind, you can withdraw your consent for us to contact you for the purpose of collecting, using, or disclosing your data at any time by reaching out to us at: support@royalqueenseeds.com.

SECTION 3 – DISCLOSURE

We may disclose your personal information if we are required to do so by law or if you breach our Terms of Service.

SECTION 4 – HOW LONG DO WE KEEP YOUR DATA?

At Royal Queen Seeds, we will not retain your data for longer than is necessary for the purposes described in this Policy. Different retention periods apply for different types of data; however, the longest period we will normally hold any personal data is 10 years.

4.1 Account information

Data relating to the account remains relevant for as long as the consumer is in possession of an account. Therefore, the data remains documented for as long as the account exists. When our customers delete an account, the associated data will be deleted within a reasonable period of time. Requests regarding the inspection or correction of stored personal data or the deletion of an account can be sent to support@royalqueenseeds.com.

4.2 Newsletters

In the event that you give us your consent to inform you about our products or services, we will keep your data until you express your wish not to receive any further communications from us. However, we regularly (every month) carry out a relevance check. Registered customers (and their personal information) will be deleted whenever customers do not reply to our request. In addition, our newsletter mailing has an opt-out feature. Consumers can withdraw their consent by using this opt-out feature.

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Cookies are small information files that notify your computer of previous interactions with our website. These cookies are stored on your hard drive, not on our website. Essentially, when you use our website, your computer displays its cookies to us, informing our site that you have visited before. This allows our website to function more quickly and remember aspects related to your previous visits (such as your username), making your experience more convenient. At Royal Queen Seeds, we use two types of cookies: functional and analytical.

5.1 Functional Cookies

Functional cookies are used to enhance your online experience. Among other things, these cookies track what is added to your shopping cart. The use of these cookies does not require prior authorization.

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Analytical cookies are used for research and market analysis. The data collected with these analytical cookies is anonymous, making it unusable for third parties. The use of these cookies does not require prior authorization.

SECTION 5 – THIRD-PARTY SERVICES

Third-party services are required to conduct transactions and provide our services. In general, the third-party providers we use will only collect, use and disclose your information to the extent necessary to enable them to perform the services they provide to us.

However, certain third-party service providers, such as payment gateways and other payment transaction processors, have their own privacy policies regarding the information we must provide to them for your transactions.

We encourage you to read the privacy policies of these providers so that you can understand how these providers will handle your personal information.

In particular, certain suppliers may be located or have facilities located in a different jurisdiction than yours or ours. Therefore, if you choose to proceed with a transaction involving the services of a third party, your information may be subject to the laws of the jurisdiction in which that service provider or its facilities are located.

Once you leave our website or are redirected to a third-party website or application, you are no longer governed by this Privacy Policy or the Terms of Service of our website.

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On this website we have integrated an element of a web analytics service (with anonymisation functionality). Web analytics can be defined as the gathering, processing and analysis of data about the behaviour of visitors to websites. An analytics service collects, among other things, data about which website a person came from (the so-called referrer), which sub-pages they visited or how often and for how long they visited a sub-page. Web analytics is mainly used for website optimisation and for a cost–benefit analysis of internet advertising.

Courier service

To complete deliveries we use a courier service. This courier service carries out the delivery between our company and the consumer's home. To complete these logistics, the company requires access to the consumer's name and address information.

Mailing service

Royal Queen Seeds uses a third-party mail service provider to send its newsletter. This provider has access to limited account information related to opt-in consent (e.g. email address).

Marketing services

Royal Queen Seeds has the support of a company that specialises in marketing and communication activities. Their access to personal information is very limited and mostly anonymous.

Payment services

At Royal Queen Seeds we use external payment services to handle our transactions (e.g. credit card payments).

SECTION 6 – SECURITY

To protect your personal information, we take reasonable precautions and follow industry standard best practices to ensure that it is not inappropriately lost, misused, accessed, disclosed, altered or destroyed.

If you provide us with your credit card information, the information is encrypted using secure socket layer technology (SSL) and stored using AES-256 encryption. Although no method of transmission over the internet or electronic storage is 100% secure, we follow all PCI-DSS requirements and implement additional industry standards that are commonly accepted. Information related to the account is protected with a hashing method. This method transforms the information into a generated hash. As a result, confidential information is protected and invisible, even to us. In addition, our databases are exceptionally protected against unauthorised access. For example, access to the database is only possible and permitted via approved IP addresses (e.g. from Royal Queen Seeds headquarters). Other attempts and addresses are rejected at all times.

Furthermore, data is anonymised as much as possible, so it cannot be directly linked to a specific consumer. With this data, however, we may be able to carry out market research and analysis. In addition, the third parties concerned (e.g. mailing service) are examined prior to our collaboration, comply with the GDPR from the EU and receive a processing agreement. Within Royal Queen Seeds, employees are assigned different access permissions. Specific permission provides access only to information that is strictly required to perform a task. Digital security measures are subject to change and must meet high requirements to ensure the safety of online customers. That is why, at Royal Queen Seeds, we appoint a security officer. Regular verification and improvement of security measures (where necessary) are part of the role.

SECTION 7 – CHANGES TO THIS PRIVACY POLICY

We reserve the right to modify this Privacy Policy at any time, so please check back regularly. Changes and clarifications will be effective immediately upon being published on the Website. If we make substantial changes to this policy, we will notify you here that it has been updated so you will know what information we collect, how we use it and under what circumstances, if any, we use and/or disclose it.

SECTION 8 – YOU HAVE THE RIGHT TO: