By Luke Sumpter


Mushrooms and cannabis have an inherent association in the minds of many. Certain species of fungi, much like weed, have a psychoactive effect, influencing the brain in unique and profound ways. Likewise, scientists continue to assess both cannabis and several types of mushrooms for their therapeutic potential. Despite these broad similarities, recent studies show that mushrooms and cannabis may share a chemical bridge that brings these two kingdoms of life closer together than previously imagined. That is, both contain components that influence the human endocannabinoid system—a signalling network responsible for keeping pretty much everything in our body balanced and running smoothly. Welcome to the world of mycocannabinoids!

An Introduction to Mycocannabinoids

To understand what mycocannabinoids are, we first need to consider the definition of cannabinoids in general.

Upon confirming the structure of CBD and isolating THC, the legendary cannabis scientist Dr Raphael Mechoulam defined[1] cannabinoids as a “group of C21 compounds typical of and present in Cannabis sativa, their carboxylic acids, analogs, and transformation products”.

The very name of this chemical class indicates that cannabinoids certainly occur in cannabis plants. However, their definition[2] has since expanded to include molecules found in a wider range of plant species that either share chemical similarity with weed-derived cannabinoids or are capable of directly interacting with receptors of the endocannabinoid system. Termed “phytocannabinoids” (“phyto” referring to plants), these compounds activate CB1 and/or CB2 receptors in a similar way to THC and related molecules found in marijuana.

Cannabinoid Receptors

More recently, researchers have discovered compounds in several species of fungi that are also capable of binding to endocannabinoid system receptors. However, as they derive from a completely different kingdom of life, these novel molecules fall outside of the definition of phytocannabinoids. Much like plant-derived cannabinoids, mycocannabinoids directly influence the endocannabinoid system, yet their presence in fungi points towards a potentially massive reservoir of undiscovered cannabinoids in nature. Indeed, while only a fraction have been recognized and named, studies estimated that over[3] 600,000 species of fungi exist.

Cannabinoids Aren’t Just in Cannabis

As we’ve established, cannabinoids aren’t exclusive to cannabis. Before we showcase the known mycocannabinoids, let’s take a look at other plants that produce these fascinating compounds:

  • Broccoli: Alongside other members of the Brassica genus, broccoli produces a dietary indole known as DIM[4] that partially activates the CB2 receptor.
  • Kava: Traditionally consumed as a drink in Polynesia to induce a relaxing state, the kava plant contains the yangonin[5] molecule that activates the CB1 receptor—the same site triggered by THC.
  • Carrots: This common vegetable also contains a CB1 receptor agonist known as falcarinol.
  • Black pepper: Alongside cloves, rosemary, and other herbs and spices, this common condiment contains the terpene and cannabinoid beta-caryophyllene, which acts directly on the CB2 receptor.

Mushrooms vs Plants: An Important Distinction

So, cannabinoids don’t just occur in weed; they’re also found in other plants and even in fungi. Before we delve into the mycocannabinoids science has discovered so far, it’s important to take a second to really appreciate mushrooms. Sure, we could just simply lump all cannabinoids under the same umbrella. However, as our understanding of the fungus kingdom continues to evolve, it’s paramount to give credit where it is due.

In the past, taxonomists grouped mushrooms and plants together. As understanding developed, they were placed into their own kingdom of life. Despite this, mushrooms have remained under the radar of mainstream interest until recently. Now, fungi are finally receiving more attention as we continue to learn about their critical role in ecosystems and agriculture, and what they can do for humanity as a whole.

However, fungi still have a long way to go to get the recognition they deserve. Because fungi represent just 0.2% of our global conservation priorities, groups such as the Fauna Flora Funga (FFF)[6] Initiative are working to build advocacy, drive research, and bring fungi deeper into the conservation conversation. Breakthroughs in fungi research, including the discovery of cannabinoids unique to this kingdom of life, help to garner interest and generate curiosity around fungal species that we don’t even know exist yet!

Marihuana and Mushrooms

Medicinal Fungi: Do Mycocannabinoids Contribute to Their Benefits?

Out of the many known fungal species, humans have used a handful of medicinal mushrooms over thousands of years for their purported therapeutic action. These include adaptogens[7] that help to curtail tension, including the legendary reishi mushroom. In antiquity, physicians of the time attributed their effects to spiritual means; contemporary science understands that, when consumed, these fungi contain many different constituents that work in specific ways to impact our physiology. Now, it turns out that their influence on the endocannabinoid system could underpin some of their sought-after effects on the mind and body.

Which Medicinal Mushrooms Contain Mycocannabinoids?

Right then, let’s explore the three powerhouse mushrooms that are known to contain mycocannabinoids. You’re probably familiar with at least one of these species, and now you’ll see them in a whole new light!

Reishi

Also known by the traditional Chinese name lingzhi, several reishi species have been prized as a source of longevity in the East for millennia. Contemporary science shows that reishi contains a host of bioactive components, and it has been the subject of early research[8] focusing on tumours and bacterial and viral infections. Evidence also suggests it could help to modulate the immune system. When it comes to mycocannabinoids, a 2020 paper[9] published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology identified a series of novel compounds in two reishi species. They found Ganoderma cochlear to contain three molecules that target both CB1 and CB2 receptors. Likewise, they found Ganoderma hainanense to produce a compound that blocks the CB1 receptor.

mycocannabinoids - reishi

Cordyceps

Also known as “zombie mushrooms” for their ability to infect living insects, several species of the Cordyceps genus also have a long history of holistic use. Cordyceps sinensis, for example, has gained a heavy price tag for its purported ability to boost energy and endurance[10], promote longevity, and support the immune system. A variety of compounds are thought to underpin their effects, and it turns out cordyceps could also serve as a source of mycocannabinoids. By enhancing the ability of Cordyceps annulata to produce secondary metabolites, a research team from Japan discovered four new compounds, named annullatins[11], capable of binding to cannabinoid receptors. Annullatin A activated both CB1 and CB2 receptors, whereas annullatins B and D activated CB1 and reduced endocannabinoid system signalling when they bound to CB2.

mycocannabinoids - cordyceps

Turkey Tail

Turkey tail mushrooms grow abundantly in the forests of North America, Europe, and Asia, typically found on decaying hardwood logs and stumps. These mushrooms have risen to fame thanks to human trials[12] that have given scientific heft to their holistic potential. Out of all the constituents in the mushroom, polysaccharopeptide (PSP) has shown impressive potential in activating immune cells and inducing apoptosis[13] in cancer cells. Interestingly, a 2019 study[14] shows that this same molecule binds to the CB2 receptor, a site viewed as a novel target[15] in the treatment of some cancers.

mycocannabinoids - turkey tail

The Future of Mycocannabinoids in the World of Weed

Much like cannabis, mushrooms also contain cannabinoids that influence the endocannabinoid system. While extremely exciting, the findings above potentially represent just the tip of a massive iceberg. Considering the majority of mushroom species likely remain undiscovered, this kingdom of life could serve as a massive reservoir of novel compounds that bind to cannabinoid receptors, possibly providing holistic effects. On top of this, research surrounding the entourage effect indicates that cannabinoids and other cannabis constituents work together in a synergistic fashion. This suggests that, at some point in the future, we could see formulas that combine phytocannabinoids, mycocannabinoids, terpenes, and other components to achieve tailored, desirable outcomes. The future looks fungal!

External Resources:
  1. Cannabinoids: Definitional ambiguities and a proposal https://www.sciencedirect.com
  2. Download Cite Share Favorites Permissions Perspective A closer look at cannabimimetic terpenes, polyphenols, and flavonoids https://journals.lww.com
  3. State of the World's Plants and Fungi 2023 https://www.kew.org
  4. Lipid G protein-coupled receptor ligand identification using beta-arrestin PathHunter assay - PubMed https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Beyond Cannabis: Plants and the Endocannabinoid System http://ethanrusso.org
  6. FFF – Fauna Flora Funga https://faunaflorafunga.org
  7. A current status of adaptogens: natural remedy to stress https://www.sciencedirect.com
  8. Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi) - Herbal Medicine - NCBI Bookshelf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. Identification of novel phytocannabinoids from Ganoderma https://www.sciencedirect.com
  10. Rhodiola crenulata- and Cordyceps sinensis https://www.liebertpub.com
  11. Dihydrobenzofurans as cannabinoid receptor ligands from Cordyceps annullata https://www.sciencedirect.com
  12. FDA Approves Bastyr Turkey Tail Trial for Cancer Patients | Bastyr University https://bastyr.edu
  13. Identifying the mechanism of polysaccharopeptide against breast cancer https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com
  14. Polysaccharopeptide from Trametes versicolor https://www.sciencedirect.com
  15. Overexpression of cannabinoid receptor https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Disclaimer:
This content is for educational purposes only. The information provided is derived from research gathered from external sources.

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Privacy Policy - Royal Queen Seeds

To ensure a safe online environment and guarantee adequate data protection, we strictly comply with all legal requirements. In this privacy statement, we provide information about how and for what purpose data is collected, safety measures, storage periods and contact details.


COMPANY NAME: SNORKEL SPAIN, SL (hereinafter ROYAL QUEEN SEEDS)

C/ Vilar d'Abdelà, 5 (nave 1) CP: 08170 de Montornès del Vallès

+34 937 379 846

support@royalqueenseeds.com


The present Privacy Policy sets out the terms on which we will treat personal data at ROYAL QUEEN SEEDS; this includes any personal data collected through our website https://www.royalqueenseeds.com/ as well as any other data we process in the course of our business activities.

ROYAL QUEEN SEEDS collects the following personal data for the purposes listed below:

SECTION 1 – PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT

1.1 Account purchases

Account purchases can only be made if you are in possession of a personal account. When you create an account or purchase something from our shop, as part of the buying and selling process we collect the following personal information that you provide to us:

This information is required for delivery. In addition, when you browse our shop, we automatically receive the Internet Protocol (IP) address of your computer. Based on this information, we can optimise your online experience and at the same time protect our online environment.

Purpose of data collection

We collect and store account-related data for the following purposes:

(a) to carry out obligations arising from any contracts between you and us, and to provide you with information, products and services that you may request from us;

(b) to set up, manage and communicate with you about your account and your orders;

(c) to conduct market research and analysis;

(d) to confirm your age and identity, and to detect and prevent fraud.

1.2 Newsletters

With your explicit permission, we may send you newsletters about our shop, new products and other updates. We send newsletters based on your explicit consent. In the event that you purchase a product, and in accordance with current regulations, we may send you commercial communications in accordance with the legitimate interest of our company, always about products or services similar to those you have purchased or contracted. In any case, you may exercise your right of opposition through the channels announced in this Privacy Policy. The following information is collected in relation to the newsletter:

We do not need to know the sex of the person in order to send the newsletter (data minimisation: by law we must ask for data that is strictly necessary to provide the service, and in this case knowing the sex is not necessary to send the newsletter).

Purpose of data collection

The data collected is used to:

(a) personalise our emails, including your name and gender;

(b) provide gender-specific content.

You can withdraw your consent at any time by using the link provided in the newsletter or the contact information provided in section 2.

1.3 Customer service and contact form

In order to provide appropriate support, our customer service employees have access to information related to the account. Consequently, their support will be highly effective and friendly. The data provided in our contact form is used by our CRM provider, SuperOffice. We will only use your details to respond to your message.

SECTION 2 – LEGITIMATE INTEREST

If you have purchased any of our products, please note that we may process your personal data for promotional purposes, based on Royal Queen Seeds' legitimate interest only to offer you products or services from our company and about products or services similar to those you have purchased. You may exercise your right to opt out of future messages by the means set out in this Privacy Policy or through any notification you receive.

2.1 How do you withdraw consent?

If you change your mind, you can withdraw your consent for us to contact you for the purpose of collecting, using, or disclosing your data at any time by reaching out to us at: support@royalqueenseeds.com.

SECTION 3 – DISCLOSURE

We may disclose your personal information if we are required to do so by law or if you breach our Terms of Service.

SECTION 4 – HOW LONG DO WE KEEP YOUR DATA?

At Royal Queen Seeds, we will not retain your data for longer than is necessary for the purposes described in this Policy. Different retention periods apply for different types of data; however, the longest period we will normally hold any personal data is 10 years.

4.1 Account information

Data relating to the account remains relevant for as long as the consumer is in possession of an account. Therefore, the data remains documented for as long as the account exists. When our customers delete an account, the associated data will be deleted within a reasonable period of time. Requests regarding the inspection or correction of stored personal data or the deletion of an account can be sent to support@royalqueenseeds.com.

4.2 Newsletters

In the event that you give us your consent to inform you about our products or services, we will keep your data until you express your wish not to receive any further communications from us. However, we regularly (every month) carry out a relevance check. Registered customers (and their personal information) will be deleted whenever customers do not reply to our request. In addition, our newsletter mailing has an opt-out feature. Consumers can withdraw their consent by using this opt-out feature.

SECTION 5 – COOKIES

Cookies are small information files that notify your computer of previous interactions with our website. These cookies are stored on your hard drive, not on our website. Essentially, when you use our website, your computer displays its cookies to us, informing our site that you have visited before. This allows our website to function more quickly and remember aspects related to your previous visits (such as your username), making your experience more convenient. At Royal Queen Seeds, we use two types of cookies: functional and analytical.

5.1 Functional Cookies

Functional cookies are used to enhance your online experience. Among other things, these cookies track what is added to your shopping cart. The use of these cookies does not require prior authorization.

5.2 Analytical Cookies

Analytical cookies are used for research and market analysis. The data collected with these analytical cookies is anonymous, making it unusable for third parties. The use of these cookies does not require prior authorization.

SECTION 5 – THIRD-PARTY SERVICES

Third-party services are required to conduct transactions and provide our services. In general, the third-party providers we use will only collect, use and disclose your information to the extent necessary to enable them to perform the services they provide to us.

However, certain third-party service providers, such as payment gateways and other payment transaction processors, have their own privacy policies regarding the information we must provide to them for your transactions.

We encourage you to read the privacy policies of these providers so that you can understand how these providers will handle your personal information.

In particular, certain suppliers may be located or have facilities located in a different jurisdiction than yours or ours. Therefore, if you choose to proceed with a transaction involving the services of a third party, your information may be subject to the laws of the jurisdiction in which that service provider or its facilities are located.

Once you leave our website or are redirected to a third-party website or application, you are no longer governed by this Privacy Policy or the Terms of Service of our website.

Web analytics service (anonymous data)

On this website we have integrated an element of a web analytics service (with anonymisation functionality). Web analytics can be defined as the gathering, processing and analysis of data about the behaviour of visitors to websites. An analytics service collects, among other things, data about which website a person came from (the so-called referrer), which sub-pages they visited or how often and for how long they visited a sub-page. Web analytics is mainly used for website optimisation and for a cost–benefit analysis of internet advertising.

Courier service

To complete deliveries we use a courier service. This courier service carries out the delivery between our company and the consumer's home. To complete these logistics, the company requires access to the consumer's name and address information.

Mailing service

Royal Queen Seeds uses a third-party mail service provider to send its newsletter. This provider has access to limited account information related to opt-in consent (e.g. email address).

Marketing services

Royal Queen Seeds has the support of a company that specialises in marketing and communication activities. Their access to personal information is very limited and mostly anonymous.

Payment services

At Royal Queen Seeds we use external payment services to handle our transactions (e.g. credit card payments).

SECTION 6 – SECURITY

To protect your personal information, we take reasonable precautions and follow industry standard best practices to ensure that it is not inappropriately lost, misused, accessed, disclosed, altered or destroyed.

If you provide us with your credit card information, the information is encrypted using secure socket layer technology (SSL) and stored using AES-256 encryption. Although no method of transmission over the internet or electronic storage is 100% secure, we follow all PCI-DSS requirements and implement additional industry standards that are commonly accepted. Information related to the account is protected with a hashing method. This method transforms the information into a generated hash. As a result, confidential information is protected and invisible, even to us. In addition, our databases are exceptionally protected against unauthorised access. For example, access to the database is only possible and permitted via approved IP addresses (e.g. from Royal Queen Seeds headquarters). Other attempts and addresses are rejected at all times.

Furthermore, data is anonymised as much as possible, so it cannot be directly linked to a specific consumer. With this data, however, we may be able to carry out market research and analysis. In addition, the third parties concerned (e.g. mailing service) are examined prior to our collaboration, comply with the GDPR from the EU and receive a processing agreement. Within Royal Queen Seeds, employees are assigned different access permissions. Specific permission provides access only to information that is strictly required to perform a task. Digital security measures are subject to change and must meet high requirements to ensure the safety of online customers. That is why, at Royal Queen Seeds, we appoint a security officer. Regular verification and improvement of security measures (where necessary) are part of the role.

SECTION 7 – CHANGES TO THIS PRIVACY POLICY

We reserve the right to modify this Privacy Policy at any time, so please check back regularly. Changes and clarifications will be effective immediately upon being published on the Website. If we make substantial changes to this policy, we will notify you here that it has been updated so you will know what information we collect, how we use it and under what circumstances, if any, we use and/or disclose it.

SECTION 8 – YOU HAVE THE RIGHT TO: