By Luke Sumpter


Growing outdoors is a fulfilling and exciting experience. Tending to your plants each day with your skin in the sun and fingers in the soil is an entirely therapeutic experience. The cannabis plant is a versatile and resilient life form that can be grown almost anywhere on earth. Growers within the northern regions of Europe, the United States, and Canada may be put off from cultivating crops outdoors, assuming that it’s simply too cold and dark for most of the year.

However, this simply isn’t true. It’s possible to grow luscious cannabis plants in these regions, as evidenced by all the growers who currently do. Although shorter in duration, these areas still have a long enough growing season to produce good harvests. The shorter season simply means cultivators need to be more aware of their timing. This guide will show you what to consider, month by month, to ensure a smooth and successful growing experience.

Northern Europe consists of numerous countries, including the United Kingdom, the Scandinavian nations, and part of the Baltics. For northern Europe, we will use the UK as a reference. For the US, we will reference the state of Washington, and for Canada, we’ll use numbers from Alberta. Most of the populated regions within these countries provide an outdoor growing season that can be worked with. However, the far northern parts of Canada and Scandinavia experience extremely low and inhospitable temperatures, making indoor growing a better option.

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JANUARY

• Average daylight hours:

UK: 8h
Washington: 8h 40m
Alberta: 8h

• Average temperature:

UK: 3.7–8.3°C
Washington: 3–8°C
Alberta: -15.7–-3.6°C

January represents the middle of winter. Although it’s definitely going to be freezing outside, and short days means sunlight will be minimal, there are still plenty of jobs that can be done in preparation for spring. To keep you busy in the garden and get you excited for the season ahead, you can start by shredding your Christmas tree for mulch later in the year. You can also start cleaning out pots and greenhouses, ready for the arrival of spring.

There won’t be much cannabis action during this month in all the countries mentioned, however, putting in some work now will reduce the amount of tasks waiting in the season ahead. Other jobs you can do in areas such as the UK and Washington include digging over any vacant plots, scattering worm castings for soil health, and setting up bird feeders to attract species that will help to reduce pests later down the line. These jobs will be hard to accomplish in areas such as Canada and Scandinavia during this time due to frosty soil and heavy snowfall.

Winter

FEBRUARY

• Average daylight hours:

UK: 9h
Washington: 9h 50m
Alberta: 9h 30m

• Average temperature:

UK: 3.4–8.5°C
Washington: 3–10°C
Alberta: -12.3–-0.5°C

During February, northern regions still experience short daylight hours and cold temperatures. Growers living in areas such as the UK, the northern US, and Denmark can start to germinate seeds indoors at the end of the month for an early start; seeds can then be transplanted outdoors when the growing season commences. Growers within Canada and Scandinavia can also benefit from germinating seeds at this point to help extend much shorter growing seasons. Once seeds have started to sprout, you can place them under artificial lights at temperatures of around 23°C.

In all northern regions, February can still be used as a productive month to stock up on supplies needed in the months ahead. Ensure you have everything you need, including pots, nutrients, watering cans, and seeds. Most northern growers opt for indica-dominant strains due to their shorter flowering times, making them more suitable for shorter growing seasons.

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MARCH

• Average daylight hours:

UK: 11h
Washington: 11h 30m
Alberta: 11h 20m

• Average temperature:

UK: 5–11.1°C
Washington: 5–13°C
Alberta: -8.4–3.3°C

During March, things start to begin warming up as the days increase in length. It’s definitely time to commence the cannabis growing season. Growers in all regions should have seeds started indoors, and mother plants used for cloning should be on the way to maturity. Growers in Canada and Scandinavia can begin to dig up vacant beds, install bird feeders, and scatter worm castings on the soil. Growers within northern locations in the US and warmer northern European countries will soon be transferring plants outside. The warmer weather and longer daylight hours can be taken advantage of by sprouting more seeds on windowsills.

APRIL

• Average daylight hours:

UK: 13h
Washington: 13h 10m
Alberta: 13h 30m

• Average temperature:

UK: 6.4–13.5°C
Washington: 6–15°C
Alberta: -2.4–10.6°C

Spring has officially arrived. Temperatures are significantly higher during April in all regions, and days are much longer. For growers in more southern parts of northern Europe and the northern US, it’s time to move plants out from under artificial lights and into the sun. You can start moving them outside into the beds you fertilised and dug earlier in the year. Alternatively, you can transplant them into larger pots or transfer them into greenhouses. Growers living in the midwest of the US, Scotland, and Denmark may choose to keep their plants potted in order to bring them inside during the night to avoid exposing them to detrimental temperatures. If you have spent the last few months cultivating a mother plant, then it's time to start cutting clones and rooting them within blocks.

Growers in regions such as Alaska, Iceland, Canada, and Scandinavia will have to wait a little longer until placing plants outside. There is still a considerable risk of frost, and nights can still get very cold.

Garden tasks during April will primarily involve weeding garden beds to prevent species from taking up room and removing nutrients from the soil. Growers can also use this time to start planting flowers and other companion plants that will help to attract beneficial predatory insects into the garden and repel certain pests.

Spring

MAY

• Average daylight hours:

UK: 15h
Washington: 14h 50m
Alberta: 15h 20m

• Average temperature:

UK: 9.4–17.1°C
Washington: 9–18°C
Alberta: 3–16.4°C

May is when warmth starts to arrive in all regions. The risk of frost within Canada and Scandinavia is minimal, so growers can start to move their plants outdoors into garden beds and pots. It’s advised to keep plants potted in colder regions as they may have to be moved indoors at the end of the season to escape frost. If you have the luxury of a greenhouse, then it’s best to move plants here first to avoid the unlikely event of a large drop in temperature that could lead to a late-spring frost.

For growers in warmer regions who have already moved their plants outdoors, May is largely a month of letting your plants settle into their new environment. Keep them well-watered and make efforts to keep their environment free of competitive weeds. For growers living in particularly rural regions, it’s a good idea to start installing netting or fencing to minimise the threat of deer and birds munching on your crops. Temperatures of around 17°C in locations such as Washington state and the UK can cause greenhouses to become seriously warm, so be sure to open vents and doors on hot days.

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JUNE

• Average daylight hours:

UK: 16h
Washington: 15h 50m
Alberta: 16h 20m

• Average temperature:

UK: 12.3–20°C
Washington: 12–21°C
Alberta: 7.4–20.6°C

June is the official start of summer in the Northern Hemisphere, with temperatures in Scandinavia and Canada even creeping up towards 20°C. June 21st marks the summer solstice. Plants will start to grow fast due to long and sunny days. This surge in growth is a good time to carry out topping to increase yields at the end of the season. Growers with limited space or those trying to maintain discretion can also begin defoliating and using techniques such as low stress training to keep their plants close to the ground. If you are growing any strains that produce large and heavy buds, it's time to put in stakes and other supporting structures to prevent collapse. All growers should move their plants outdoors during this time, even those living in colder and more alpine regions.

June is a busy time in the garden; there is plenty of work to be done whilst enjoying watching your plants grow. Regularly hoe down borders to keep weeds at bay. Watering is also essential, especially if rain is lacking. If you’re watering by hand, be sure to regularly check each plant for dry soil. If you are using an irrigation system, check it for maintenance, making sure all connections are working properly and there are no leaks.

JULY

• Average daylight hours:

UK: 16h 30m
Washington: 15h 50m
Alberta: 16h 30m

• Average temperature:

UK: 14.6–22.6°C
Washington: 14–24°C
Alberta: 9.5–23.2°C

July is often the hottest month of the year in all regions. Plants will go through explosive growth during this month due to long daylight hours and hot temperatures. The midday sun is enough to dry out soil in a day, so be sure to keep your plants hydrated if you are watering by hand. Male plants will also make themselves obvious during this stage if germination took place around two months beforehand. Pay close attention here unless you decided to opt for feminised seeds. You will need to keep an eye out for pollen sacs forming at the nodes of side branches. These structures resemble two small spheres. In contrast, female plants will start to produce calyxes, which feature two white pistils. It’s important to remove male plants as soon as you see them to prevent them from pollinating females later down the line. Pollinated female plants will start to produce seeds, which can greatly reduce yield and potency.

Garden tasks during July are similar to June. Keep the garden weeded and watered. Also, be on the lookout for any signs of fungal infections and pest infestations. Use a magnifying device to get up close and personal with the leaves and stalks to rule out any threats.

spring

AUGUST

• Average daylight hours:

UK: 16h
Washington: 14h 40m
Alberta: 14h 50m

• Average temperature:

UK: 14.7–22.5°C
Washington: 14–24°C
Alberta: 8.6–22.7°C

August is an extremely exciting time for outdoor cannabis growers. Daylight hours start to decrease during this month, a change in the light cycle that prompts photoperiod strains to enter the flowering phase. However, this solar transition is slower in regions such as Alaska and Iceland, meaning plants in these regions will begin flowering later in the year. This is a good time to begin pruning and defoliating plants to allow more sunlight to access the bud sites.

Garden tasks in August are the same as the rest of summer. The heat waves of August are capable of seriously drying out the soil. Watering may be a daily demand. Installing irrigation can help to massively reduce the workload.

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SEPTEMBER

• Average daylight hours:

UK: 14h
Washington: 13h
Alberta: 12h 50m

• Average temperature:

UK: 12.5–19.3°C
Washington: 12–21°C
Alberta: 3.8–17.4°C

Daylight hours begin to get much shorter during September, and temperatures within Canada and more northern regions can drop very low during the night. Female plants will start to develop much larger flowers with increases in trichome and pistil production. Plants will start to smell seriously good during September. Keeping plants dry during this stage is very helpful as it can help to reduce the formation of mould in the flowers. Keeping them under a tarp or shelter of some kind is massively beneficial.

Photoperiod plants grown in areas such as Alaska and Iceland will have started flowering by this stage.

OCTOBER

• Average daylight hours:

UK: 11h
Washington: 11h
Alberta: 11h

• Average temperature:

UK: 9.6–15.3°C
Washington: 8–16°C
Alberta: -1.2–12.6°C

Autumn has arrived. Temperatures begin to plummet during October. Growers within Scandinavia, Canada, and Alaska should consider moving potted plants indoors or into greenhouses to protect them against the first frost. Areas of the UK and Norway are subject to consistent rain during this month, and growers should erect shelters to protect plants against overwatering and possible root rot. Flowers will begin to near harvest. Growers within regions that experience less moisture and rainfall can afford to leave their plants to grow for longer periods. However, growers in wetter regions should harvest during early October to minimise the chance of fungal infections and bud rot. It’s time to start drying and curing cannabis flowers for smooth smokes.

The more green-thumbed cannabis growers can elect to start planting other species such as spring cabbages once their cannabis plants are out of the ground. Growers who have opted to pollinate their plants for breeding purposes should be collecting seeds during this period.

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NOVEMBER

• Average daylight hours:

UK: 10h
Washington: 9h 30m
Alberta: 9h

• Average temperature:

UK: 6.2–11.2°C
Washington: 5–11°C
Alberta: -9–2.9°C

The outdoor growing season is officially over by this point. Growers who have moved their plants into greenhouses or indoors can begin to harvest their flowers. Frost will have set in within the most northern regions, and temperatures in the UK, Washington, and Denmark will be too cold to sustain optimal conditions.

Although the garden is empty, there is still work to be done. Clear leaves and raise containers to prevent water-logging. Bird feeders can continue to be stocked to ensure pest control for next year’s growing season. Seasonal bonfires can be lit to clear away debris that cannot be placed in the compost pile. 

DECEMBER

• Average daylight hours:

UK: 8h
Washington: 8h 30m
Alberta: 8h

• Average temperature:

UK: 4.7–9.1°C
Washington: 3–8°C
Alberta: -14.4–-2.3°C

During December, winter is well on the way, temperatures are getting seriously low, and days are getting much shorter. At this point, growers will be enjoying the fruits of their labour. Blaze a joint and get back out into the fresh air to keep your garden in good shape for next year. You may need to insulate outdoor taps to prevent freezing. Make sure your storage shed or unit is secure from critters such as mice. Now, go inside, light the fire, and enjoy some of the results of your hard work.

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Privacy Policy - Royal Queen Seeds

To ensure a safe online environment and guarantee adequate data protection, we strictly comply with all legal requirements. In this privacy statement, we provide information about how and for what purpose data is collected, safety measures, storage periods and contact details.


COMPANY NAME: SNORKEL SPAIN, SL (hereinafter ROYAL QUEEN SEEDS)

C/ Vilar d'Abdelà, 5 (nave 1) CP: 08170 de Montornès del Vallès

+34 937 379 846

support@royalqueenseeds.com


The present Privacy Policy sets out the terms on which we will treat personal data at ROYAL QUEEN SEEDS; this includes any personal data collected through our website https://www.royalqueenseeds.com/ as well as any other data we process in the course of our business activities.

ROYAL QUEEN SEEDS collects the following personal data for the purposes listed below:

SECTION 1 – PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT

1.1 Account purchases

Account purchases can only be made if you are in possession of a personal account. When you create an account or purchase something from our shop, as part of the buying and selling process we collect the following personal information that you provide to us:

This information is required for delivery. In addition, when you browse our shop, we automatically receive the Internet Protocol (IP) address of your computer. Based on this information, we can optimise your online experience and at the same time protect our online environment.

Purpose of data collection

We collect and store account-related data for the following purposes:

(a) to carry out obligations arising from any contracts between you and us, and to provide you with information, products and services that you may request from us;

(b) to set up, manage and communicate with you about your account and your orders;

(c) to conduct market research and analysis;

(d) to confirm your age and identity, and to detect and prevent fraud.

1.2 Newsletters

With your explicit permission, we may send you newsletters about our shop, new products and other updates. We send newsletters based on your explicit consent. In the event that you purchase a product, and in accordance with current regulations, we may send you commercial communications in accordance with the legitimate interest of our company, always about products or services similar to those you have purchased or contracted. In any case, you may exercise your right of opposition through the channels announced in this Privacy Policy. The following information is collected in relation to the newsletter:

We do not need to know the sex of the person in order to send the newsletter (data minimisation: by law we must ask for data that is strictly necessary to provide the service, and in this case knowing the sex is not necessary to send the newsletter).

Purpose of data collection

The data collected is used to:

(a) personalise our emails, including your name and gender;

(b) provide gender-specific content.

You can withdraw your consent at any time by using the link provided in the newsletter or the contact information provided in section 2.

1.3 Customer service and contact form

In order to provide appropriate support, our customer service employees have access to information related to the account. Consequently, their support will be highly effective and friendly. The data provided in our contact form is used by our CRM provider, SuperOffice. We will only use your details to respond to your message.

SECTION 2 – LEGITIMATE INTEREST

If you have purchased any of our products, please note that we may process your personal data for promotional purposes, based on Royal Queen Seeds' legitimate interest only to offer you products or services from our company and about products or services similar to those you have purchased. You may exercise your right to opt out of future messages by the means set out in this Privacy Policy or through any notification you receive.

2.1 How do you withdraw consent?

If you change your mind, you can withdraw your consent for us to contact you for the purpose of collecting, using, or disclosing your data at any time by reaching out to us at: support@royalqueenseeds.com.

SECTION 3 – DISCLOSURE

We may disclose your personal information if we are required to do so by law or if you breach our Terms of Service.

SECTION 4 – HOW LONG DO WE KEEP YOUR DATA?

At Royal Queen Seeds, we will not retain your data for longer than is necessary for the purposes described in this Policy. Different retention periods apply for different types of data; however, the longest period we will normally hold any personal data is 10 years.

4.1 Account information

Data relating to the account remains relevant for as long as the consumer is in possession of an account. Therefore, the data remains documented for as long as the account exists. When our customers delete an account, the associated data will be deleted within a reasonable period of time. Requests regarding the inspection or correction of stored personal data or the deletion of an account can be sent to support@royalqueenseeds.com.

4.2 Newsletters

In the event that you give us your consent to inform you about our products or services, we will keep your data until you express your wish not to receive any further communications from us. However, we regularly (every month) carry out a relevance check. Registered customers (and their personal information) will be deleted whenever customers do not reply to our request. In addition, our newsletter mailing has an opt-out feature. Consumers can withdraw their consent by using this opt-out feature.

SECTION 5 – COOKIES

Cookies are small information files that notify your computer of previous interactions with our website. These cookies are stored on your hard drive, not on our website. Essentially, when you use our website, your computer displays its cookies to us, informing our site that you have visited before. This allows our website to function more quickly and remember aspects related to your previous visits (such as your username), making your experience more convenient. At Royal Queen Seeds, we use two types of cookies: functional and analytical.

5.1 Functional Cookies

Functional cookies are used to enhance your online experience. Among other things, these cookies track what is added to your shopping cart. The use of these cookies does not require prior authorization.

5.2 Analytical Cookies

Analytical cookies are used for research and market analysis. The data collected with these analytical cookies is anonymous, making it unusable for third parties. The use of these cookies does not require prior authorization.

SECTION 5 – THIRD-PARTY SERVICES

Third-party services are required to conduct transactions and provide our services. In general, the third-party providers we use will only collect, use and disclose your information to the extent necessary to enable them to perform the services they provide to us.

However, certain third-party service providers, such as payment gateways and other payment transaction processors, have their own privacy policies regarding the information we must provide to them for your transactions.

We encourage you to read the privacy policies of these providers so that you can understand how these providers will handle your personal information.

In particular, certain suppliers may be located or have facilities located in a different jurisdiction than yours or ours. Therefore, if you choose to proceed with a transaction involving the services of a third party, your information may be subject to the laws of the jurisdiction in which that service provider or its facilities are located.

Once you leave our website or are redirected to a third-party website or application, you are no longer governed by this Privacy Policy or the Terms of Service of our website.

Web analytics service (anonymous data)

On this website we have integrated an element of a web analytics service (with anonymisation functionality). Web analytics can be defined as the gathering, processing and analysis of data about the behaviour of visitors to websites. An analytics service collects, among other things, data about which website a person came from (the so-called referrer), which sub-pages they visited or how often and for how long they visited a sub-page. Web analytics is mainly used for website optimisation and for a cost–benefit analysis of internet advertising.

Courier service

To complete deliveries we use a courier service. This courier service carries out the delivery between our company and the consumer's home. To complete these logistics, the company requires access to the consumer's name and address information.

Mailing service

Royal Queen Seeds uses a third-party mail service provider to send its newsletter. This provider has access to limited account information related to opt-in consent (e.g. email address).

Marketing services

Royal Queen Seeds has the support of a company that specialises in marketing and communication activities. Their access to personal information is very limited and mostly anonymous.

Payment services

At Royal Queen Seeds we use external payment services to handle our transactions (e.g. credit card payments).

SECTION 6 – SECURITY

To protect your personal information, we take reasonable precautions and follow industry standard best practices to ensure that it is not inappropriately lost, misused, accessed, disclosed, altered or destroyed.

If you provide us with your credit card information, the information is encrypted using secure socket layer technology (SSL) and stored using AES-256 encryption. Although no method of transmission over the internet or electronic storage is 100% secure, we follow all PCI-DSS requirements and implement additional industry standards that are commonly accepted. Information related to the account is protected with a hashing method. This method transforms the information into a generated hash. As a result, confidential information is protected and invisible, even to us. In addition, our databases are exceptionally protected against unauthorised access. For example, access to the database is only possible and permitted via approved IP addresses (e.g. from Royal Queen Seeds headquarters). Other attempts and addresses are rejected at all times.

Furthermore, data is anonymised as much as possible, so it cannot be directly linked to a specific consumer. With this data, however, we may be able to carry out market research and analysis. In addition, the third parties concerned (e.g. mailing service) are examined prior to our collaboration, comply with the GDPR from the EU and receive a processing agreement. Within Royal Queen Seeds, employees are assigned different access permissions. Specific permission provides access only to information that is strictly required to perform a task. Digital security measures are subject to change and must meet high requirements to ensure the safety of online customers. That is why, at Royal Queen Seeds, we appoint a security officer. Regular verification and improvement of security measures (where necessary) are part of the role.

SECTION 7 – CHANGES TO THIS PRIVACY POLICY

We reserve the right to modify this Privacy Policy at any time, so please check back regularly. Changes and clarifications will be effective immediately upon being published on the Website. If we make substantial changes to this policy, we will notify you here that it has been updated so you will know what information we collect, how we use it and under what circumstances, if any, we use and/or disclose it.

SECTION 8 – YOU HAVE THE RIGHT TO: