By Luke Sumpter

Understanding the cannabis "entourage effect".


Most cannabis users are familiar with the two main cannabinoids: THC is what gets you high, and CBD is non-psychotropic.

But it is now believed that the specific effects of cannabis—including therapeutic effects—aren’t just due to a single cannabinoid in isolation, or to cannabinoids in general for that matter.

In fact, it is the combination of chemical constituents in cannabis that give it its full potential; this theory is known as the “entourage effect”.

What Is The Entourage Effect?

The entourage effect is the proposed mechanism by which substances in cannabis work synergistically to exert distinct effects.

In lay terms, the entourage effect claims that the cannabis phytocomplex (the group of chemicals in cannabis plants) is more effective in unison than it is when one chemical is used in isolation.

As an example, let’s look at how THC interacts with CBD. Taken alone, THC has the potential to exert its full range of psychoactive effects, including side effects like anxiety and paranoia.

CBD, on the other hand, is believed to mediate the “psychoactive ceiling” of THC, making for a milder high with less potential for anxiety.

Here, THC and CBD work in concert to provide what many cannabis users believe to be a more balanced effect.

The Entourage Effect

There’s More To Cannabis Than Cannabinoids

The entourage effect goes far beyond the interaction between THC and CBD, though. It is also thought that other cannabis compounds play a key role in the plant’s full profile of effects.

  • Terpenes

Secondary to cannabinoids, terpenes are suggested to play the next-largest role in the entourage effect.

Terpenes are aromatic compounds in cannabis that act as natural insect repellents and give cannabis its characteristic smell. They are also found in many other plants, flowers, and fruits.

Linalool, for example, is a terpene with a lavender and citrus scent. This terpene is thought to have a sedating effect, and may amplify the relaxing effect of CBD.

Likewise, the terpenes α- and β-pinene, which give cannabis a pine forest-like scent, are also thought to have therapeutic properties. The list goes on...

  • Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are chemical compounds that act chiefly on the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a network of cannabinoid receptors found throughout the body of mammals and other animals.

Internal cannabinoids—"endo"-cannabinoids—are produced by the body to help regulate various physiological functions. But, the system can also be greatly influenced by “phyto”-cannabinoids—those from the cannabis plant.

THC and CBD are the most well-known, although there are dozens of other cannabinoids in cannabis.

It appears that cannabinoids may be influenced by terpenes. Seeing how every cannabis strain has at least a slightly different composition of terpenes and cannabinoids, the entourage effect might explain why particular strains display distinct effects.

Yet, we are still in the early stages of research when it comes to fully elucidating the various substances in cannabis, so it’s unclear exactly how individual terpenes might interact with various cannabinoids.

Components
Cannabigerol (CBG)
Cannabichromene (CBC)
Other Cannabidiols (CBD)
Other Tetrahydrocannabinols (THC)
Cannabinol (CBN)
Cannabinodiol (CBDL)
Cannabicyclol (CBL)
Cannabielsoin (CBE)
Cannabitriol (CBT)
Nitrogenous compounds (27)
Amino acids (18)
Proteins (3)
Glycoproteins (6)
Sugars and related compounds (34)
Enzymes (2)
Hydrocarbons (50)
Simple alcohols (7)
Aldehydes (13)
Ketones (13)
Simple acids (21)
Fatty acids (22)
Simple esters (12)
Lactones (1)
Steroids (11)
Terpenes (120)
Non-cannabinoid phenols (25)
Flavonoids (21)
Vitamins (1)
Pigments (2)
Other elements (9)

How Is This Beneficial For Us?

The entourage effect opens up new approaches to using cannabis not just recreationally, but for medicinal purposes in particular.

In the past, the terpene profiles of cannabis strains weren't considered relevant, outside the realm of scent and taste. Now, terpenes are becoming star molecules in their own right, and have definitely caught the attention of breeders and manufacturers of cannabis medicines and supplements.

As an early example of the possibilities provided by the entourage effect, let’s look to the first commercial, FDA-approved cannabinoid medicine, Sativex, a medication for MS spasms.

The producers of Sativex found a composition of both THC and CBD, alongside various terpenes and flavonoids, to be more effective in relieving symptoms than one cannabinoid in isolation.

How Is This Beneficial For Us?

Evidence for the Entourage Effect 

Researchers are still getting to grips with the potential interplay between cannabis constituents. Ongoing studies[1] are exploring if CBD and THC work well side by side in animal models of neuropathic pain. As well as looking for improvements in symptoms, scientists are keen to see if these molecules work together to offset adverse events.

But cannabinoids aren’t the only constituents that might work together in concert. Cannabis flowers also contain over 150 terpenes[2]. As well as potentially synergising with each other, these aromatic molecules could theoretically affect the action of other chemical classes—cannabinoids included. So far, researchers predict[3] that many major cannabis terpenes interact with CBD, including limonene, linalool, pinene, and caryophyllene.

In lab tests, it was found that both α- and β-pinene displayed[4] synergistic antitumour properties alongside the chemotherapy medication Paclitaxel.

Entourage Effect Controversy

It bears mentioning that research in regards to the entourage effect is not conclusive. Considered a theory, not a fact, there is certainly evidence to support it, but some are cautious to credit cannabis with this ability.

Interestingly, a 2019 study[5] found that certain terpenes may not interact with CB1 or CB2 cannabinoid receptors as previously thought. This, in turn, suggests that the entourage effect, if it exists, works via a different mechanism, or by multiple mechanisms.

According to the study, “None of the six of the most common terpenoids in cannabis directly activated CB1 or CB2, or modulated the signalling of the phytocannabinoid agonist Δ⁹-THC. These results suggest that if a phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effect exists, it is not at the CB1 or CB2 receptor level”.

Furthermore, as isolated cannabinoids continue to flood the market, it invokes the question of which product is best for which scenario. Those sceptical about the medicinal potential of cannabis might be quick to refute the entourage effect, but data is mounting in its favour.

Entourage Effect Controversy

  • Terpenes are Cannabimimetic

Recent research has emerged that supports the entourage effect in cannabis. A 2021 study conducted at the University of Arizona Health Sciences discovered further evidence that terpenes are cannabimimetic, meaning they mimic the effects of cannabinoids such as THC[6]. Rather than creating a synergistic effect at peripheral receptors, these aromatic molecules appear to directly interact with the CB1 receptor—the site where THC exerts its psychotropic properties.

The researchers focused their attention on the following cannabis-derived terpenes (listed with their associated aromas):

α-Humulene Earthiness, wood, spice
Geraniol Floral, citrus, fruit, sweetness
Linalool Lavender, lemon, orange
β-Pinene Pine, earthiness, rosemary

The research team first tested these molecules in mice, and found them to produce effects typical of cannabinoids. After administering chemicals that block cannabinoid receptors, they noticed a decrease in their effects, suggesting the terpenes were acting through these sites. They also carried out similar tests on cells, finding similar results.

These findings offer some serious credibility to support the entourage effect hypothesis. The researchers state that terpenes acting on CB1 could boost cannabinoid activity, and may enhance the holistic potential of cannabinoids. Future studies focused on specific terpenes and cannabinoid pairings will help scientists to determine exactly how these phytochemicals work together.

How THC And CBD Interact

Now that you’re more familiar with the entourage effect, let’s revisit the relationship between CBD and THC. How is it that CBD seems to both “tame” the psychoactive effects of THC and enhance its beneficial qualities?

To start, CBD interacts with cannabinoid receptors differently than THC. Instead of binding directly to CB1 or CB2, it only modulates their activity.

Specifically, CBD works against the production of an enzyme that breaks down the endocannabinoid anandamide. In this way, CBD increases the amount and duration of this natural cannabinoid in the brain, but it doesn’t directly stimulate CB receptors.

Still, anandamide binds to CB1 receptors, so CBD does exert relevant indirect actions.

That said, when taken together, CBD is thought to weaken THC’s bond with the CB1 receptor, resulting in less of a psychoactive “high”. In particular, many users report less anxiety and paranoia when using a strain with a balanced CBD:THC ratio.

Full Spectrum Products

Given what we know about the entourage effect, it stands to reason that products containing a variety of cannabinoids and terpenes might be more effective than isolated THC or CBD products, for example.

Indeed, these “full spectrum” cannabis products, such as oils, tinctures, and other extracts, harness the best chemical compounds in cannabis while discarding the waxes, fats, and other unnecessary material.

Looking ahead, it appears that full spectrum products will continue to gain steam, in hopes of developing treatments that can be tailored to the individual.

Right now, some users have access to regulated cannabis products containing distinct ratios of CBD:THC alongside various terpenes. With different ratios available, users are more able to control their experience.

How To Use Terpenes To Enhance the Entourage Effect

Not only do cannabis flowers contain a complex array of chemicals, but many of these molecules work together to produce more powerful effects. Although cannabinoids such as THC and CBD form the core of the cannabis experience, terpenes are what make each strain unique.

Cannabis researchers have coined the term “entourage effect” to describe how cannabis constituents work in synergy. We’re only just beginning to understand the magnitude of this chemical dance. With over 200 terpenes and 100 cannabinoids within the plant, the number of possible molecular interactions is vast.

So far, early research has shown that some common terpenes work side by side with cannabinoids to amplify their effects[7].

For example, the refreshing terpenes linalool, pinene, and limonene appear to enhance the cognitive effects of CBD. Additionally, linalool and THC work together to soothe the muscles, and CBD and limonene team up to reduce jitters and elevate the mood.

Each strain offers something different according to its unique terpene profile. While two strains can contain THC, one stones the body, while the other energises the mind. Terpenes are responsible for this psychoactive diversity.

Cannabis users can take on the role of an alchemist to influence the effects they feel from weed. You don’t have to settle for the chemical makeup of the flower in front of you. By harnessing the power of terpenes from other sources, you can tweak and influence each and every high you experience.

How To Use Terpenes To Enhance the Entourage Effect

  • Where Are Terpenes Found Outside of Cannabis?

Terpenes occur all throughout the plant kingdom. In total, there are approximately 55,000 of these aromatic molecules found in a very long list of herbs, trees, fruits, vegetables, and other plant species.

Many of the terpenes that give cannabis its characteristics scents are also found in a wide variety of common plants and culinary herbs.

Limonene and linalool are found in citrus fruits. Caryophyllene, the most abundant cannabis-derived terpene, occurs in rosemary, and hops contain the terpene humulene in high quantities.

You’ll find the sleepy terpene myrcene, partly responsible for the classic "couch-lock" effect, in lemongrass, basil, and mango.

  • How To Use Terpenes

Essential oils, other herbs, and topical formulas are simple and easy ways to use additional terpenes alongside your favourite strains.

Essential Oils
Essential oils are potent extracts that instantly fill up a room with aromatic terpenes. There are hundreds of formulas available to induce different moods and states of consciousness. Choose a blend that appeals to you and load it into a diffuser. As you toke away at your favourite strains, additional terpenes will fill up the air, enter your lungs, and add to the high.
Herbs
Other herbs are excellent sources of terpenes. Select herbs based on the feelings you want to experience. For example, for a clear-headed and relaxing effect, brew a batch of rosemary or lemon balm tea to sip alongside your joints and bowls.
Topical
Topical cannabis won’t get you high, but it does the skin wonders. We have a whole system dedicated to cannabis within the skin, and compounds within the plant help to nourish and soothe our largest organ. Mix in some essential oils in your topicals to customise the effect you’re after—just make sure your oils are safe to apply topically.

Put the Entourage Effect to the Test With These 3 RQS Strains

If we’ve sparked your interest in the entourage effect, consider these three strains, each of which is packed with cannabinoids and terpenes.

  • Medical Mass

Medical Mass is a strain that puts the entourage effect to work. As well as providing a variety of terpenes that deliver sweet and spicy aromas, it offers a balanced CBD:THC ratio of 1:1, with each molecule occurring at levels of approximately 10%. This molecular concoction produces a clear-headed effect that promotes a calm, motivated state of mind.

Medical Mass

Medical Mass
23_genetic background_1 Critical Mass x CBD dominant plant
33_Yield indoors_1 500 - 550 gr/m2
31_plant height outdoor_1 60 - 100 cm
25_flowering time_1 10 - 11 weeks
29_THC_1 THC: 10%
28_Type Blend_1 Sativa 40% Indica 60%
34_yield outdoor_1 500 - 550 gr/plant
32_plant height outdoors_1 120 - 150 cm
27_harvest period_1 Late September
22_Effect_1 Calming, Physically Relaxing

Buy Medical Mass

  • Lemon Shining Silver Haze

Lemon Shining Silver Haze is a THC-rich cross between Lemon Skunk and Shining Silver Haze that is particularly high in the terpene limonene. This results in a sour, sweet, fresh, and skunky aroma as well as an energetic yet lucid effect. Euphoria and motivation will surge, without feelings of anxiety creeping in.

Lemon Shining Silver Haze

Lemon Shining Silver Haze
23_genetic background_1 Lemon Skunk x Shining Silver Haze
33_Yield indoors_1 600 - 650 gr/m2
31_plant height outdoor_1 80 - 140 cm
25_flowering time_1 9 - 10 weeks
29_THC_1 THC: 21%
28_Type Blend_1 Sativa 75% Indica 25%
34_yield outdoor_1 650 - 700 gr/plant
32_plant height outdoors_1 130 - 170 cm
27_harvest period_1 Middle of October
22_Effect_1 Balanced, Clear, Stoned

Buy Lemon Shining Silver Haze

  • OG Kush

OG Kush is renowned for its strong high and dank aroma. The strain is massively powerful, backed by high levels of THC, medium levels of CBD, and humulene, a terpene found in various amounts in all cannabis varieties. Interestingly, remedies in ancient Chinese medicine were notably high in humulene. OG Kush delivers a high that is potent yet wholesome thanks to its balance of chemical constituents.

OG Kush

OG Kush
23_genetic background_1 Chemdawg x Lemon Thai x Pakistani Kush
33_Yield indoors_1 425 - 475 gr/m2
31_plant height outdoor_1 90 - 160 cm
25_flowering time_1 7 - 9 weeks
29_THC_1 THC: 19%
28_Type Blend_1 Sativa 25% Indica 75%
34_yield outdoor_1 500 - 550 gr/plant
32_plant height outdoors_1 180 - 220 cm
27_harvest period_1 October
22_Effect_1 Calming, Uplifting

Buy OG Kush

External Resources:
  1. Cannabis constituent synergy in a mouse neuropathic pain model - PubMed https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Terpenes in Cannabis sativa – From plant genome to humans https://www.sciencedirect.com
  3. Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Synergistic antitumor effect of α-pinene and β-pinene with paclitaxel against non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) - PubMed https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Absence of entourage: Terpenoids commonly found in Cannabis sativa do not modulate the functional activity of Δ9-THC at human CB1and CB2 receptors | bioRxiv https://www.biorxiv.org
  6. Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity https://www.nature.com
  7. Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Disclaimer:
This content is for educational purposes only. The information provided is derived from research gathered from external sources.

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Privacy Policy - Royal Queen Seeds

To ensure a safe online environment and guarantee adequate data protection, we strictly comply with all legal requirements. In this privacy statement, we provide information about how and for what purpose data is collected, safety measures, storage periods and contact details.


COMPANY NAME: SNORKEL SPAIN, SL (hereinafter ROYAL QUEEN SEEDS)

C/ Vilar d'Abdelà, 5 (nave 1) CP: 08170 de Montornès del Vallès

+34 937 379 846

support@royalqueenseeds.com


The present Privacy Policy sets out the terms on which we will treat personal data at ROYAL QUEEN SEEDS; this includes any personal data collected through our website https://www.royalqueenseeds.com/ as well as any other data we process in the course of our business activities.

ROYAL QUEEN SEEDS collects the following personal data for the purposes listed below:

SECTION 1 – PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT

1.1 Account purchases

Account purchases can only be made if you are in possession of a personal account. When you create an account or purchase something from our shop, as part of the buying and selling process we collect the following personal information that you provide to us:

This information is required for delivery. In addition, when you browse our shop, we automatically receive the Internet Protocol (IP) address of your computer. Based on this information, we can optimise your online experience and at the same time protect our online environment.

Purpose of data collection

We collect and store account-related data for the following purposes:

(a) to carry out obligations arising from any contracts between you and us, and to provide you with information, products and services that you may request from us;

(b) to set up, manage and communicate with you about your account and your orders;

(c) to conduct market research and analysis;

(d) to confirm your age and identity, and to detect and prevent fraud.

1.2 Newsletters

With your explicit permission, we may send you newsletters about our shop, new products and other updates. We send newsletters based on your explicit consent. In the event that you purchase a product, and in accordance with current regulations, we may send you commercial communications in accordance with the legitimate interest of our company, always about products or services similar to those you have purchased or contracted. In any case, you may exercise your right of opposition through the channels announced in this Privacy Policy. The following information is collected in relation to the newsletter:

We do not need to know the sex of the person in order to send the newsletter (data minimisation: by law we must ask for data that is strictly necessary to provide the service, and in this case knowing the sex is not necessary to send the newsletter).

Purpose of data collection

The data collected is used to:

(a) personalise our emails, including your name and gender;

(b) provide gender-specific content.

You can withdraw your consent at any time by using the link provided in the newsletter or the contact information provided in section 2.

1.3 Customer service and contact form

In order to provide appropriate support, our customer service employees have access to information related to the account. Consequently, their support will be highly effective and friendly. The data provided in our contact form is used by our CRM provider, SuperOffice. We will only use your details to respond to your message.

SECTION 2 – LEGITIMATE INTEREST

If you have purchased any of our products, please note that we may process your personal data for promotional purposes, based on Royal Queen Seeds' legitimate interest only to offer you products or services from our company and about products or services similar to those you have purchased. You may exercise your right to opt out of future messages by the means set out in this Privacy Policy or through any notification you receive.

2.1 How do you withdraw consent?

If you change your mind, you can withdraw your consent for us to contact you for the purpose of collecting, using, or disclosing your data at any time by reaching out to us at: support@royalqueenseeds.com.

SECTION 3 – DISCLOSURE

We may disclose your personal information if we are required to do so by law or if you breach our Terms of Service.

SECTION 4 – HOW LONG DO WE KEEP YOUR DATA?

At Royal Queen Seeds, we will not retain your data for longer than is necessary for the purposes described in this Policy. Different retention periods apply for different types of data; however, the longest period we will normally hold any personal data is 10 years.

4.1 Account information

Data relating to the account remains relevant for as long as the consumer is in possession of an account. Therefore, the data remains documented for as long as the account exists. When our customers delete an account, the associated data will be deleted within a reasonable period of time. Requests regarding the inspection or correction of stored personal data or the deletion of an account can be sent to support@royalqueenseeds.com.

4.2 Newsletters

In the event that you give us your consent to inform you about our products or services, we will keep your data until you express your wish not to receive any further communications from us. However, we regularly (every month) carry out a relevance check. Registered customers (and their personal information) will be deleted whenever customers do not reply to our request. In addition, our newsletter mailing has an opt-out feature. Consumers can withdraw their consent by using this opt-out feature.

SECTION 5 – COOKIES

Cookies are small information files that notify your computer of previous interactions with our website. These cookies are stored on your hard drive, not on our website. Essentially, when you use our website, your computer displays its cookies to us, informing our site that you have visited before. This allows our website to function more quickly and remember aspects related to your previous visits (such as your username), making your experience more convenient. At Royal Queen Seeds, we use two types of cookies: functional and analytical.

5.1 Functional Cookies

Functional cookies are used to enhance your online experience. Among other things, these cookies track what is added to your shopping cart. The use of these cookies does not require prior authorization.

5.2 Analytical Cookies

Analytical cookies are used for research and market analysis. The data collected with these analytical cookies is anonymous, making it unusable for third parties. The use of these cookies does not require prior authorization.

SECTION 5 – THIRD-PARTY SERVICES

Third-party services are required to conduct transactions and provide our services. In general, the third-party providers we use will only collect, use and disclose your information to the extent necessary to enable them to perform the services they provide to us.

However, certain third-party service providers, such as payment gateways and other payment transaction processors, have their own privacy policies regarding the information we must provide to them for your transactions.

We encourage you to read the privacy policies of these providers so that you can understand how these providers will handle your personal information.

In particular, certain suppliers may be located or have facilities located in a different jurisdiction than yours or ours. Therefore, if you choose to proceed with a transaction involving the services of a third party, your information may be subject to the laws of the jurisdiction in which that service provider or its facilities are located.

Once you leave our website or are redirected to a third-party website or application, you are no longer governed by this Privacy Policy or the Terms of Service of our website.

Web analytics service (anonymous data)

On this website we have integrated an element of a web analytics service (with anonymisation functionality). Web analytics can be defined as the gathering, processing and analysis of data about the behaviour of visitors to websites. An analytics service collects, among other things, data about which website a person came from (the so-called referrer), which sub-pages they visited or how often and for how long they visited a sub-page. Web analytics is mainly used for website optimisation and for a cost–benefit analysis of internet advertising.

Courier service

To complete deliveries we use a courier service. This courier service carries out the delivery between our company and the consumer's home. To complete these logistics, the company requires access to the consumer's name and address information.

Mailing service

Royal Queen Seeds uses a third-party mail service provider to send its newsletter. This provider has access to limited account information related to opt-in consent (e.g. email address).

Marketing services

Royal Queen Seeds has the support of a company that specialises in marketing and communication activities. Their access to personal information is very limited and mostly anonymous.

Payment services

At Royal Queen Seeds we use external payment services to handle our transactions (e.g. credit card payments).

SECTION 6 – SECURITY

To protect your personal information, we take reasonable precautions and follow industry standard best practices to ensure that it is not inappropriately lost, misused, accessed, disclosed, altered or destroyed.

If you provide us with your credit card information, the information is encrypted using secure socket layer technology (SSL) and stored using AES-256 encryption. Although no method of transmission over the internet or electronic storage is 100% secure, we follow all PCI-DSS requirements and implement additional industry standards that are commonly accepted. Information related to the account is protected with a hashing method. This method transforms the information into a generated hash. As a result, confidential information is protected and invisible, even to us. In addition, our databases are exceptionally protected against unauthorised access. For example, access to the database is only possible and permitted via approved IP addresses (e.g. from Royal Queen Seeds headquarters). Other attempts and addresses are rejected at all times.

Furthermore, data is anonymised as much as possible, so it cannot be directly linked to a specific consumer. With this data, however, we may be able to carry out market research and analysis. In addition, the third parties concerned (e.g. mailing service) are examined prior to our collaboration, comply with the GDPR from the EU and receive a processing agreement. Within Royal Queen Seeds, employees are assigned different access permissions. Specific permission provides access only to information that is strictly required to perform a task. Digital security measures are subject to change and must meet high requirements to ensure the safety of online customers. That is why, at Royal Queen Seeds, we appoint a security officer. Regular verification and improvement of security measures (where necessary) are part of the role.

SECTION 7 – CHANGES TO THIS PRIVACY POLICY

We reserve the right to modify this Privacy Policy at any time, so please check back regularly. Changes and clarifications will be effective immediately upon being published on the Website. If we make substantial changes to this policy, we will notify you here that it has been updated so you will know what information we collect, how we use it and under what circumstances, if any, we use and/or disclose it.

SECTION 8 – YOU HAVE THE RIGHT TO: